Navegando por Autor "Barreto, Robert Weingart"
Agora exibindo 1 - 4 de 4
- Resultados por Página
- Opções de Ordenação
Item Isolates of Aspergillus, Clonostachys and Trichoderma from Africa as potential biocontrol agents against coffee leaf rust(Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2022-03-14) Kapeua Ndacnou, Miraine; Barreto, Robert WeingartHemileia vastatrix – the coffee leaf rust (CLR) fungus – is native from Africa and an exotic invasive species in all other areas of the world where coffee is grown. It causes the worst disease of coffee, but in Africa, it is not regarded as the worst pathogen of the crop. Management of CLR has relied on escaping the disease through the highland plantation, using resistant coffee varieties and fungicide applications. There are limitations for each of these strategies and novel approaches for CRL management are necessary. It has been conjectured that natural enemies of H. vastatrix endemic to Africa might have been overlooked and that such antagonists might have the potential for CLR management. Surveys conducted since 2015 in Cameroon, Ethiopia and Kenya, have revealed numerous mycoparasitic fungi attacking CLR in the field as well as endophytic fungi growing inside healthy coffee plants (several of which were, or are being, described as new to science), which might play a bodyguard role, protecting the plants against the disease. Results of previous studies and of the present research seem to confirm this hypothesis. A series of taxonomic and polyphasic studies allowed to identify isolates of Aspergillus and Clonostachys as belonging to Aspergillus flavus, Clonostachys byssicola, C. rhizophaga and C. rosea f. rosea. All the selected endophytic isolates (confirmed here regardless of the genus, to grow as endophytes in coffee), including Trichoderma strains were demonstrated to inhibit the germination of H. vastatrix in vitro. The isolate of A. flavus was shown not to produce aflatoxin. Beforehand applications of a series of isolates, of Clonostachys, Trichoderma and also of A. flavus, on young C. arabica plants (a combination of soil and foliar applications) followed by inoculation with H. vastatrix led to the significant reductions in CLR severity. Two Clonostachys rhizophaga isolates (COAD 2981 and COAD 2982), and one C. rosea isolate (COAD 2984) yielded the best highly significant (p < 0.001) results for reduction of CLR severity among the Clonostachys isolates. Trichoderma guizhouense (COAD 2398), T. virens (COAD 2400) and T. theobromicola (COAD 2406) also produced highly significant (p < 0.001) levels of CLR severity reduction. This is the first study reporting anti-CLR biocontrol potential for African isolates of A.flavus, Clonostachys and Trichoderma. And, they may pave the way towards preventive treatment of coffee plants with ‘bodyguard’ endophytes antagonistic to H. vastatrix as well as their use for control of CLR in the field. A continuation of this work is required to better assess this possibility. Keywords: Classical biocontrol. Coffee rust. Endophytes. Phylogeny. Taxonomy.Item Reavaliação do ciclo de vida de Hemilea vastatrix no Brasil(Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2007-03-22) Fernandes, Ronaldo de Castro; Barreto, Robert WeingartProduziram-se evidências de que Hemileia vastatrix, o agente etiológico da ferrugem do cafeeiro, tem dois tipos de teliósporos no seu ciclo de vida: teliósporos globosos a napiformes de paredes finas e lisas e que germinam tipicamente pela formação de um promicélio (basídio) com quatro células, cada qual produzindo um esterigma sobre o qual um basidiósporo é produzido e teliósporos uredinóides subreniformes com parede espessa lisa ventralmente e equinulada dorsalmente. Estudos cariológicos usando corante Giemsa e citometria de imagem demonstraram que em teliósporos uredinóides a primeira divisão da meiose ocorre nos esporos e a segunda divisão ocorre apenas depois da germinação no apressório. A proposta de examinar o status cariológico de esporos de H. vastatrix pela citometria de fluxo não foi implementada, pois dependia do prévio isolamento de protoplastos, que foi impossível com os tratamentos testados para este fungo. Fatores que afetam a freqüência e o tipo de germinação (micelial versus apressorial) dos teliósporos uredinóides foram investigados e analisados. A maior proporção de germinação foi obtida no escuro entre 22 e 26 o C e a formação de apressorios foi obtida sob temperaturas amenas próximo de 22 o C no escuro. Teliósporos foram coletados em várias localidades em Minas Gerais, confirmando o relato, até então duvidoso, de ocorrência deste tipo de esporo no Brasil. Sua ocorrência pareceu condicionada a mudanças em condições de umidade em períodos de temperatura mais baixa no inverno e na primavera. Uma significativa proporção dos teliósporos apresentou um padrão de germinação anormal com um número de células no promicélio variando de três a sete, com ou sem produção de esterigmas e basidiósporos. O conjunto de observações efetuadas neste trabalho pode contribuir para explicar a ocorrência de um número relativamente grande de raças reconhecido para H. vastatrix que seria de acordo com o conceito usualmente aceito funcionalmente estritamente assexuado, produzindo basidiósporos não funcionais. A existência de um processo adicional para promoção da recombinação genética poderia explicar o aparecimento de novas raças e a continuada quebra de resistência em novas variedades de cafeeiro.Item Tolerância de Coffea arabica ao ataque de Coccus viridis em diferentes níveis de adubação nitrogenada e potássica.(2007) Fernandes, F L; Picanço, Marcelo Coutinho; Martinez, Hermínia Emília Prieto; Barreto, Robert Weingart; Silva, Valkíria Fabiana da; Queiroz, Renan Batista; Embrapa - CaféA cochonilha verde Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) causa problemas em plantas jovens de Coffea arabica e em partes do dossel com baixa luminosidade. Os níveis de nitrogênio e potássio pode influenciar a tolerância das plantas de café ao ataque de C. viridis. Assim este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a tolerância de C. arabica ao ataque de C. viridis em função dos níveis de adubação nitrogenada e potássica. Esta pesquisa foi conduzida em casa de vegetação. Utilizaram-se adubações de nitrogênio e de potássio em deficiência, normal e excessiva. Os dados de perdas das plantas foram submetidos a análise de regressão linear múltipla em função das doses de nitrogênio e de potássio a p<0,05. Verificou-se que plantas de C. arabica que recebem maior adubação nitrogenada e potássica toleram mais o ataque de C. viridis.Item Trichoderma spp. associated with coffee in Africa: taxonomy and potential uses for the biological control of coffee leaf rust and plant growth promotion(Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2019-03-11) Herrera Rodriguez, María del Carmen; Barreto, Robert Weingart; Abreu, Lucas Magalhães de; Evans, Harold CharlesCoffee leaf rust (CLR) caused by the fungus Hemileia vastatrix is the most important disease in coffee. Difficulties in obtaining long lasting resistance, the failure of the strategy of escaping the disease by highland coffee cultivation and the increasing restrictions to the use of fungicides prompted the search for alternative forms of management. Biological control is an alternative of major strategical importance in such a scenario. Although there are publications dealing with biological control of H. vastatrix, none of these studies involved fungi of the genus Trichoderma or the classical approach of biological control involving antagonists to H. vastatrix from its native range in Africa. The present work concentrated in the study of endophytic and mycoparasite Trichoderma – collected in Africa and obtained from coffee plants in wild or semi-wild conditions. Taxonomy of 94 isolates which were obtained, screening for potential antagonists to H. vastatrix and a preliminary evaluation of beneficial physiological effects of one selected isolate were performed. Among the isolates of Trichoderma obtained from Ethiopia, Cameroon and Kenya 16 distinct species Trichoderma were recognized. Twelve were known to science, namely: Trichoderma agressivum, T. andinense, T. atroviride, T. guizhouense, T. hamatum, T. koningiopsis, T. lentiforme, T. parareesei T. petersenii, T. spirale, T. theobromicola and T. virens. Four were described as new taxa: Trichoderma sp. nov.1, Trichoderma sp. nov.2, Trichoderma sp. nov.3 and Trichoderma sp. nov.4. All sporulating isolates were tested for their ability to reduce the germination of H. vastatrix urediniospores in vitro and of reducing CLR severity on leaf disc and plants. Additionally, to Trichoderma spp. some other taxa obtained as endophytes of coffee in Africa were also included in the screening. The ability of Trichoderma spp. to colonize coffee plants as endophytes after inoculation under controlled conditions was also investigated. Seventeen isolates of Trichoderma inhibited the germination of H. vastatrix urenidospores. Isolates COAD 2396 (T. atroviride), E48 (Cordyceps sp.) and E486 (Aspergillus sp.) reduced the severity of the disease to less than 50% of the levels observed in the controls when applied at 72h, 24h before or simultaneously with H. vastatrix on coffee leaf discs. Over 60% reduction of disease severity was obtained when E48 (Cordyceps sp.) was applied xiiion coffee plants 72h before inoculation with H. vastatrix. All species of Trichoderma were able to colonize coffee stems and leaves as endophytes except for COAD 2399 – Trichoderma sp. nov1. Additionally, to those studies one selected isolate (COAD 2482 - T. parareesei) was tested for growth stimulation in a model-plant species (tomato). This involved four tomato cultivars: Cereja, Italiano, Maça and Santa Cruz. The results showed that the application of the COAD 2482 isolate produced a beneficial effect which was only statistically significant for the cultivar "Santa Cruz". For that cultivar the significant effect was on the growth and development of the root system.