Navegando por Autor "Timm, Luis Carlos"
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Item Fertilizer 15N balance in a coffee cropping system: a case study in Brazil(Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 2008-07) Fenilli, Tatiele Anete Bergamo; Reichardt, Klaus; Favarin, José Laércio; Bacchi, Osny Oliveira Santos; Silva, Adriana Lúcia; Timm, Luis CarlosKnowledge about the fate of fertilizer nitrogen in agricultural systems is essential for the improvement of management practices in order to maximize nitrogen (N) recovery by the crop and reduce N losses from the system to a minimum. This study involves fertilizer management practices using the 15 N isotope label applied in a single rate to determine the fertilizer-N balance in a particular soil-coffee-atmosphere system and to deepen the understanding of N plant dynamics. Five replicates consisting of plots of about 120 plants each were randomly defined within a 0.2 ha coffee plantation planted in 2001, in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. Nine plants of each plot were separated in sub-plots for the 15 N balance studies and treated with N rates of 280 and 350 kg ha -1 during 2003/2004 and 2004/ 2005, respectively, both of them as ammonium sulfate enriched to a 15 N abundance of 2.072 atom %. Plant shoots were considered as separate parts: the orthotropic central branch, productive branches, leaves of productive branches, vegetative branches, leaves of vegetative branches and fruit. Litter, consisting of dead leaves accumulated below the plant canopy, was measured by the difference between leaves at harvest and at the beginning of the following flowering. Roots and soil were sampled down to a depth of 1.0 at intervals of 0.2 m. Samples from the isotopic sub-plots were used to evaluate total N and 15 N, and plants outside sub-plots were used to evaluate dry matter. Volatilization losses of NH 3 were estimated using special collectors. Leaching of fertilizer-N was estimated from deep drainage water fluxes and 15 N concentrations of the soil solution at 1 m soil depth. At the end of the 2-year evaluation, the recovery of 15 N applied as ammonium sulfate was 19.1 % in aerial plant parts, 9.4 % in the roots, 23.8 % in the litter, 26.3 % in the fruit and 12.6 % remaining in the 0–1.0 m soil profile. Annual leaching and volatilization losses were very small (2.0 % and 0.9 %, respectively). After two years, only 6.2 % N were missing in the balance (100 %) which can be attributed to other non-estimated compartments and experimental errors. Results show that an enrichment of only 2 % atom 15 N allows the study of the partition of fertilizer-N in a perennial crop such as coffee during a period of two years.Item Variability of water balance components in a coffee crop in Brazil(Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 2006-03) Silva, Adriana Lúcia da; Roveratti, Renato; Reichardt, Klaus; Bacchi, Osny Oliveira Santos; Timm, Luis Carlos; Bruno, Isabeli Pereira; Oliveira, Julio César Martins; Dourado Neto, DurvalEstablishing field water balances is difficult and costly, the variability of their components being the major problem to obtain reliable results. This component variability is presented herein for a coffee crop grown in the Southern Hemisphere, on a tropical soil with 10% slope. It was observed that: rainfall has to be measured with an appropriate number of replicates; irrigation can introduce great variability into calculations; evapotranspiration, calculated as a remainder of the water balance equation, has exceedingly high coefficients of variation; the soil water storage component is the major contributor in error propagation calculations to estimate evapotranspiration; and that runoff can be satisfactorily controlled on the 10% slope through crop management practices.