Compreendendo o impacto da fermentação de café em biorreatores fechados na microbiota e na qualidade sensorial do café
Data
2020-03-06
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Universidade Federal de Lavras
Resumo
O café é uma das bebidas não alcoólicas mais populares consumida mundialmente e sua qualidade está envolvida com o aroma e sabor da bebida. A fermentação em ambientes fechados, em anaerobiose induzida, com inoculação de culturas iniciadoras são etapas de metodologia recentemente utilizada que podem contribuir para a produção de cafés com características especiais. O objetivo do trabalho foi conhecer o perfil químico, sensorial e microbiológico do processo envolvendo a fermentação na fruta íntegra, seguida de descascamento e secagem em pergaminho com mucilagem remanescente, além disso, conhecer os microrganismos presentes na fermentação espontânea e avaliar o efeito da bebida através da inoculação de Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCMA 0543 em diferentes tempos de fermentação. Cafés cerejas da variedade Mundo Novo foram avaliados nos tempos 0 horas (T1), 24 horas (T2), 48 horas (T3), 72 horas (T4) e 96 horas (T5) na fermentação inoculada e na fermentação espontânea (controle). A fermentação ocorreu em biorreatores fechados, em sistema de batelada simples. Os isolados foram identificados pelo perfil protéico (MALDI-TOF MS) e pelo sequenciamento do DNA. A quantificação do PCR em tempo real (qPCR) foi realizada para avaliar a persistência da cepa de S. cerevisiae que foi inoculada. Os açucares e ácidos orgânicos foram quantificados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) e os compostos voláteis identificados por cromatografia a gás acoplada a espectrometria de massas (GC-MS) durante a fermentação e secagem. Análise sensorial foi realizada no café torrado pela análise de dominância temporal das sensações (TDS). Na fermentação espontânea o tempo de 36 e 48 horas apresentaram as maiores populações de microrganismos. As bactérias dominaram o processo fermentativo em todos tratamentos. No ínicio de secagem, a população bacteriana foi alta, aproximadamente 4,9 UFC/g, decrescendo até o final de secagem, enquanto a população de leveduras dominou (5,4 UFC/ml) no final da secagem. Um total de 228 isolados de bactérias e leveduras foram identificados. A cepa inoculada permaneceu viável durante o processo. A fermentação inoculada com a S. cerevisiae CCMA 0543 apresentou altas concentrações de ácido cítrico nos tratamentos 1 (15,15 mg/g) e 5 (14,39 mg/g). Ácido succínico esteve presente em todos os tratamentos, a maior concentração foi no tratamento 5 (5,03 mg/g). A concentração de ácido acético não interferiu na qualidade da bebida variando de 3,25 a 14,93 mg/g na fermentação espontânea e de 1,89 a 15,71 mg/g na fermentação inoculada. A concentração de glicose e frutose diminuiu durante a fermentação no biorreator e secagem. Um total de 118 compostos voláteis foram identificados em todas as amostras. O tratamento CCMA 0543 foi caracterizado pela produção de compostos voláteis pertencentes as classes de furanos, pirazinas e cetonas nos tratamentos 2 e 4 e ácidos nos tratamentos 1, 3 e 5. Cafés inoculados até 48 horas apresentaram sabores de caramelo como dominante, e frutado nas 72 horas, e uma complexidade de sabores foram observadas em 96 horas. A integração da tecnologia de fermentação semi-sólida em anaerobiose induzida pela ação da levedura inoculada no processo utilizado é uma estratégia inovadora. Este método apresentou resultados positivos para a bebida, acrescentando sabores na qualidade da bebida.
Coffee is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverages consumed worldwide, and its quality is involved with the aroma and taste of the beverage. Fermentation in closed environments, in induced anaerobiosis, with inoculation of starter cultures are some of the recently used methodologies that can contribute to the production of coffee with unique characteristics. The objective of the work was to characterize the chemical, sensorial, and microbiological profile of the process involving fermentation in the whole fruit, followed by peeling and drying in parchment with remaining mucilage. Besides, to know the microorganisms present in spontaneous fermentation and to evaluate the effect of the beverage through the inoculation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCMA 0543 in different fermentation times. New World cherry coffees were evaluated in treatment 1 (0 hours), 2 (24 hours), 3 (48 hours), 4 (72 hours), and 5 (96 hours) in the inoculated fermentation and spontaneous fermentation (control). Fermentation took place in closed bioreactors, in a simple batch system. The isolates were identified by the protein profile (MALDI-TOF MS) and DNA sequencing. Real-time PCR quantification (qPCR) was performed to assess the persistence of the inoculated S. cerevisiae strain. Sugars and organic acids were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and volatile compounds identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) during fermentation and drying. Sensory analysis was performed in roasted coffee by time dominance of sensations (TDS) analysis. In spontaneous fermentation, the time of 36 and 48 hours presented the largest populations of microorganisms. Bacteria dominated the fermentation process in all treatments. At the beginning of drying, the bacterial population was high, approximately 4.9 CFU/g, decreasing until the end of drying, while the yeast population dominated (5.4 CFU/ml) at the end of drying. A total of 228 isolates of bacteria and yeasts were identified. The inoculated strain remained viable during the process. The fermentation inoculated with S. cerevisiae CCMA 0543 showed high concentrations of citric acid in treatments 1 (15.15 mg/g) and 5 (14.39 mg/g). Succinic acid was present in all treatments, and the highest concentration was in treatment 5 (5.03 mg/g). The acetic acid concentration did not interfere in the quality of the beverage varying from 3.25 to 14.93 mg/g in spontaneous fermentation and from 1.89 to 15.71 mg/g in inoculated fermentation. The concentration of glucose and fructose decreased during fermentation in the bioreactor and drying. A total of 118 volatile compounds were identified in all samples. The CCMA 0543 treatment was characterized by the production of volatile compounds belonging to the classes of furans, pyrazines, and ketones in treatments 2 and 4 and acids in treatments 1, 3, and 5. Coffee inoculated up to 48 hours had caramel flavors as dominant, and fruity in 72 hours, and a complexity of flavors was observed in 96 hours. The integration of semi-solid fermentation technology in anaerobiosis induced by the action of the inoculated yeast in the process used is an innovative strategy. This method has shown positive results for the beverage, adding flavors to the quality of the beverage.
Coffee is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverages consumed worldwide, and its quality is involved with the aroma and taste of the beverage. Fermentation in closed environments, in induced anaerobiosis, with inoculation of starter cultures are some of the recently used methodologies that can contribute to the production of coffee with unique characteristics. The objective of the work was to characterize the chemical, sensorial, and microbiological profile of the process involving fermentation in the whole fruit, followed by peeling and drying in parchment with remaining mucilage. Besides, to know the microorganisms present in spontaneous fermentation and to evaluate the effect of the beverage through the inoculation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCMA 0543 in different fermentation times. New World cherry coffees were evaluated in treatment 1 (0 hours), 2 (24 hours), 3 (48 hours), 4 (72 hours), and 5 (96 hours) in the inoculated fermentation and spontaneous fermentation (control). Fermentation took place in closed bioreactors, in a simple batch system. The isolates were identified by the protein profile (MALDI-TOF MS) and DNA sequencing. Real-time PCR quantification (qPCR) was performed to assess the persistence of the inoculated S. cerevisiae strain. Sugars and organic acids were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and volatile compounds identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) during fermentation and drying. Sensory analysis was performed in roasted coffee by time dominance of sensations (TDS) analysis. In spontaneous fermentation, the time of 36 and 48 hours presented the largest populations of microorganisms. Bacteria dominated the fermentation process in all treatments. At the beginning of drying, the bacterial population was high, approximately 4.9 CFU/g, decreasing until the end of drying, while the yeast population dominated (5.4 CFU/ml) at the end of drying. A total of 228 isolates of bacteria and yeasts were identified. The inoculated strain remained viable during the process. The fermentation inoculated with S. cerevisiae CCMA 0543 showed high concentrations of citric acid in treatments 1 (15.15 mg/g) and 5 (14.39 mg/g). Succinic acid was present in all treatments, and the highest concentration was in treatment 5 (5.03 mg/g). The acetic acid concentration did not interfere in the quality of the beverage varying from 3.25 to 14.93 mg/g in spontaneous fermentation and from 1.89 to 15.71 mg/g in inoculated fermentation. The concentration of glucose and fructose decreased during fermentation in the bioreactor and drying. A total of 118 volatile compounds were identified in all samples. The CCMA 0543 treatment was characterized by the production of volatile compounds belonging to the classes of furans, pyrazines, and ketones in treatments 2 and 4 and acids in treatments 1, 3, and 5. Coffee inoculated up to 48 hours had caramel flavors as dominant, and fruity in 72 hours, and a complexity of flavors was observed in 96 hours. The integration of semi-solid fermentation technology in anaerobiosis induced by the action of the inoculated yeast in the process used is an innovative strategy. This method has shown positive results for the beverage, adding flavors to the quality of the beverage.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado defendida na Universidade Federal de Lavras
Palavras-chave
Microrganismos, Análises químicas, Análises microbiológicas, Culturas iniciadoras, Biorreatores, Microorganisms, Chemical analysis, Microbiological analysis, Starter cultures, Bioreactors
Citação
PALUMBO, Juliana Maria Campos. Compreendendo o impacto da fermentação de café em biorreatores fechados na microbiota e na qualidade sensorial do café. 2020. 83 p. Dissertação (Mestrado em Microbiologia Agrícola) – Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, 2020.