Irrigação, nutrição mineral e face de exposição ao sol no progresso da ferrugem e da cercosporiose do cafeeiro
Data
2011-03-30
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Editor
Universidade Federal de Lavras
Resumo
Doenças de natureza policíclica, a ferrugem (Hemileia vastatrix) e a cercosporiose (Cercospora coffeicola) são responsáveis por significativas perdas na cafeicultura em todas as regiões produtoras do Brasil e do mundo. A adoção de práticas culturais que atuam sobre o ambiente para reduzir a taxa de progresso da epidemia dessas enfermidades é de extrema importância, como tática de controle alternativo, diminuindo a dependência de defensivos agrícolas no campo. Dessa forma, visando à geração de informações técnico-científicas com aplicabilidade imediata, foram realizados três experimentos em campo, enfatizando a prevenção e o controle da ferrugem e da cercosporiose. No primeiro experimento, o objetivou foi avaliar o efeito de lâminas de irrigação (0%, 60%, 80%, 100%, 120% e 140% Kc) pelo método da aspersão, tipo pivô central, na epidemiologia da ferrugem e da cercosporiose do cafeeiro. Amostraram-se as doenças em cada face (norte e sul) de exposição da lavoura à luz solar, correspondendo aos tratamentos secundários. Maior progresso da ferrugem foi observado no tratamento não irrigado e menor, nas maiores lâminas de irrigação (100%, 120% e 140% Kc). O impacto das gotas de água promovido pelo método de irrigação por aspersão reduziu a concentração de propágulos aéreos de Hemileia vastatrix, resultando em menor severidade da doença na lâmina de 100% Kc. Durante todo o período de avaliação, registrou-se maior intensidade da ferrugem na face sul de exposição do cafeeiro à luz solar. De forma oposta à ferrugem, houve aumento da cercosporiose com o incremento de maiores lâminas de irrigação por pivô central, ocorrendo menor incidência da doença no tratamento não irrigado e maior nas lâminas de 100% e 140% Kc. Devido à maior luminosidade, houve também maior intensidade da cercosporiose, em folhas e frutos, para a face de exposição norte do cafeeiro. Sugere-se assim, sempre que possível, considerar a face de exposição da lavoura mais favorável às enfermidades no campo, na tomada de decisão de medidas de controle. O segundo experimento foi realizado no intuito de entender o comportamento da cercosporiose na formação do cafeeiro fertirrigado, com diferentes parcelamentos e doses de nitrogênio e de potássio. A cercosporiose do cafeeiro foi amostrada em cada face de exposição da lavoura (noroeste e sudeste), que corresponderam aos tratamentos secundários. Não foi observada influência significativa entre a interação de doses e parcelamentos de adubação, assim como de diferentes doses de adubação, de forma isolada, na incidência da cercosporiose do cafeeiro. Esse resultado pode ter ocorrido devido ao fornecimento da fertirrigação e da irrigação suplementar ter favorecido a absorção de N e K pelas plantas, resultando em maior resistência à cercosporiose. Porém, houve influência significativa dos diferentes parcelamentos de adubação nitrogenada e potássica por meio da fertirrigação na incidência da cercosporiose. Foi verificado menor progresso da doença e maior enfolhamento das plantas, realizando doze aplicações ao ano de N e K, uma vez ao mês, por condicionar maior teor foliar de nitrogênio e níveis adequados de potássio à planta. Houve maior incidência da doença na face sudeste da lavoura, provavelmente devido à maior exposição da folhagem do cafeeiro à luz solar. A temperatura média do ar foi à variável climática que melhor se correlacionou, de forma negativa, com a cercosporiose, aos 15 e 30 dias anterior a avaliação. Dessa forma, o fornecimento de nitrogênio e potássio em doze parcelamentos via fertirrigação é uma tática de controle cultural eficaz no manejo da cercosporiose do cafeeiro em formação. No terceiro experimento, o objetivo foi estudar o progresso temporal da ferrugem e da cercosporiose, em lavoura cafeeira não irrigada, sobre diferentes níveis de Ca e de K. Para isso, quatro doses de calcário dolomítico (0, 1, 2 e 4 t ha -1 ) e quatro doses de cloreto de potássio (0, 100, 200 e 400 kg ha -1 ) foram fornecidas. A amostragem das doenças foi realizada considerando cada face de exposição predominante da lavoura (leste e oeste). Somente o progresso da ferrugem foi influenciado pelas doses de calcário dolomítico e cloreto de potássio estudadas, ocorrendo interação significativa. O menor progresso da ferrugem do cafeeiro foi obtido nas doses medianas de calcário aplicado, quando as dose de cloreto de potássio foram responsáveis por menores amplitudes na variação da intensidade da doença, reafirmando a necessidade de equilíbrio entre nutrientes. Durante todo o período experimental, pode-se observar que maiores valores de incidência e severidade da ferrugem ocorreram na face de exposição leste da lavoura e o menor, na face oeste. De forma contrária, foi registrada maior intensidade da cercosporiose na face oeste de exposição da lavoura e menor intensidade da face leste. No campo, a redução da precipitação e a temperatura média do ar proporcionaram maiores índices de ferrugem e cercosporiose, ambas aos 30 dias anteriores à avaliação das doenças.
Multiple cycle diseases such as leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) and brown eye spot (Cercospora coffeicola) are responsible for significant losses in coffee production in all regions of the world. Adoption of cultural practices that can act on the environment in order to decrease the progressive expansion of such diseases is very important to avoid intensive use of pesticides. Three experiments were carried at field involving prediction and control of leaf rust and brown eye spot on coffee leaves. At the first experiment at a center pivot, the effects of different water depths (0%, 60%, 80%, 100%, 120% and 140% of crop coefficient value - Kc) were evaluated. The disease were monitored accordingly to plant exposition to North or South, expecting different effects of sun exposition on plant disease impacts. Larger leaf rust incidence was observed at non irrigated plants being the least affected those plants irrigated with 100, 120 or 140% of Kc. The water drop impact seems to have decreased the concentration of Hemileia vastatrix, resulting in the lowest disease severity on plants irrigated with 100% Kc. During the whole period when the disease was monitored, greater intensity was observed at those leaves exposed to South, subject to shorter sun exposition time. Oppositely, the brown eye spot was larger as the water depth applied increased, with less incidence on the non-irrigated plants compared to those with 100 or 140% Kc water depths. Also due to larger sun exposition, leaves and fruits were more attacked when exposed to North. Sun exposition should be considered, therefore, when monitoring these diseases in coffee fields. The second experiment was carried to understand the fate of brown eye spot on plants drip irrigated that received fertigation with different levels of Nitrogen and Potassium. Brown eye spot was evaluated on plants exposed to Northwest and Northeast directions. Significant attacks were not observed on interaction of rates and frequency of fertilization on brown eye spot occurrence. This can be attributed, possibly, to the fact that better fertilized, the plants were more resistant to the brown eye spot disease. Significant influence was observed, however, on the different frequencies of application of Nitrogen and Potassium through fertigation. Lower brown eye spot incidence was observed when these nutrients were applied once a month, during the whole year. Larger disease incidence was observed on those plants exposed to southeast direction. Air temperature was the variable that best correlated, negatively, with brown eye leaf spot monitored at 15 and 30 days after temperature was measured. Therefore, Nitrogen and Potassium supply monthly seems to control the disease on coffee plants. The third experiment was carried to evaluate the time evolution of leaf rust and brown eye spot diseases at non irrigated coffee plants, subject to different levels of Calcium and Potassium. Thus, four levels of dolomitic lime were applied (0, 1, 2 and 4 ton ha -1 ) as well as four Potassium Chloride rates (0, 100, 200 and 400 Kg ha -1 ). Disease sampling was evaluated according to exposition direction (East and West). Only leaf rust progress was influenced by lime or Potassium levels, with significant interaction. Smaller rust progress was observed when medium levels of lime were applied and when Potassium Chloride were responsible for smaller amplitudes of intensity variation of the disease, establishing the necessity of nutrient equilibrium. During the whole period, larger rust incidence and severity occurred at east side of plants and smaller on west. On the other hand, larger brown eye spot intensity occurred at west face and smaller on the east face. At field, decreases in temperature and precipitation observed 30 days in advance, resulted in lower levels of rust and brown eye spot diseases.
Multiple cycle diseases such as leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) and brown eye spot (Cercospora coffeicola) are responsible for significant losses in coffee production in all regions of the world. Adoption of cultural practices that can act on the environment in order to decrease the progressive expansion of such diseases is very important to avoid intensive use of pesticides. Three experiments were carried at field involving prediction and control of leaf rust and brown eye spot on coffee leaves. At the first experiment at a center pivot, the effects of different water depths (0%, 60%, 80%, 100%, 120% and 140% of crop coefficient value - Kc) were evaluated. The disease were monitored accordingly to plant exposition to North or South, expecting different effects of sun exposition on plant disease impacts. Larger leaf rust incidence was observed at non irrigated plants being the least affected those plants irrigated with 100, 120 or 140% of Kc. The water drop impact seems to have decreased the concentration of Hemileia vastatrix, resulting in the lowest disease severity on plants irrigated with 100% Kc. During the whole period when the disease was monitored, greater intensity was observed at those leaves exposed to South, subject to shorter sun exposition time. Oppositely, the brown eye spot was larger as the water depth applied increased, with less incidence on the non-irrigated plants compared to those with 100 or 140% Kc water depths. Also due to larger sun exposition, leaves and fruits were more attacked when exposed to North. Sun exposition should be considered, therefore, when monitoring these diseases in coffee fields. The second experiment was carried to understand the fate of brown eye spot on plants drip irrigated that received fertigation with different levels of Nitrogen and Potassium. Brown eye spot was evaluated on plants exposed to Northwest and Northeast directions. Significant attacks were not observed on interaction of rates and frequency of fertilization on brown eye spot occurrence. This can be attributed, possibly, to the fact that better fertilized, the plants were more resistant to the brown eye spot disease. Significant influence was observed, however, on the different frequencies of application of Nitrogen and Potassium through fertigation. Lower brown eye spot incidence was observed when these nutrients were applied once a month, during the whole year. Larger disease incidence was observed on those plants exposed to southeast direction. Air temperature was the variable that best correlated, negatively, with brown eye leaf spot monitored at 15 and 30 days after temperature was measured. Therefore, Nitrogen and Potassium supply monthly seems to control the disease on coffee plants. The third experiment was carried to evaluate the time evolution of leaf rust and brown eye spot diseases at non irrigated coffee plants, subject to different levels of Calcium and Potassium. Thus, four levels of dolomitic lime were applied (0, 1, 2 and 4 ton ha -1 ) as well as four Potassium Chloride rates (0, 100, 200 and 400 Kg ha -1 ). Disease sampling was evaluated according to exposition direction (East and West). Only leaf rust progress was influenced by lime or Potassium levels, with significant interaction. Smaller rust progress was observed when medium levels of lime were applied and when Potassium Chloride were responsible for smaller amplitudes of intensity variation of the disease, establishing the necessity of nutrient equilibrium. During the whole period, larger rust incidence and severity occurred at east side of plants and smaller on west. On the other hand, larger brown eye spot intensity occurred at west face and smaller on the east face. At field, decreases in temperature and precipitation observed 30 days in advance, resulted in lower levels of rust and brown eye spot diseases.
Descrição
Tese de Doutorado defendida na Universidade Federal de Lavras
Palavras-chave
Hemileia vastatrix, Cercospora coffeicola, Coffea arabica, Controle cultural, Luminosidade
Citação
CUSTÓDIO, A. A. P. Irrigação, nutrição mineral e face de exposição ao sol no progresso da ferrugem e da cercosporiose do cafeeiro. 2011. 197 f. Tese (Doutorado em Agronomia - Fitopatologia) - Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras. 2011.