Fauna de Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) em um agroecossistema cafeeiro no estado de São Paulo
Data
2012-12-17
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Editor
Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”
Resumo
O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a fauna de Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) em um agroecossistema cafeeiro localizado em Cravinhos, SP, Brasil, identificar as espécies encontradas, analisar a diversidade, sazonalidade e os métodos de amostragem. A amostragem foi realizada semanalmente entre maio de 2005 e abril de 2007 com armadilhas de Moericke e luminosa modelo Jermy. As armadilhas de Moericke foram fixadas em estacas de madeira próximas aos terços inferior e médio da planta e permaneceram ativas por 48 horas/semana; foram estabelecidos 20 pontos de amostragem em um ha e, em cada ponto, instalados três conjuntos de armadilhas, distantes entre si por um metro. As armadilhas luminosas foram fixadas de forma que sua cobertura ficasse na altura do dossel das plantas; foram instaladas duas armadilhas em um talhão de um ha, ativas por dois períodos de 12 horas/semana. Foram obtidos 1803 exemplares de Ichneumonidae, de 62 gêneros e 109 espécies, dentre as quais 37 nominais e 72 morfoespécies, distribuídas em 16 subfamílias. As espécies mais abundantes foram Lissonota sp. (Banchinae), Ophion flavidus Brullé, 1846 (Ophioninae), Mesostenus alvarengae Porter, 1973 (Cryptinae), Thymebatis sp. 1 (Ichneumoninae), Netelia sp. (Tryphoninae), Pimpla sp. (Pimplinae), Eiphosoma laphygmae Costa Lima, 1953 (Cremastinae) e Syzeuctus sp. (Banchinae), com 578, 318, 102, 97, 87, 66, 52 e 49 exemplares capturados, respectivamente. O índice de diversidade de Margalef foi de 14,41, o de Shannon de 2,81 e o de Pielou 0,60. Foram coletados 1243 (68,9% do total) exemplares com armadilhas Moericke e 560 (31,1%) com armadilha luminosa. A diversidade de espécies de Ichneumonidae encontrada foi maior na armadilha Moericke em relação à luminosa; para grupos de hábito norturno ocorreu o inverso. As armadilhas Moericke instaladas no terço inferior e no terço médio das plantas não diferiram quanto à diversidade de Ichneumonidae capturada. Na primavera foi obsevada maior diversidade de Ichneumonidae (70 espécies), seguida pelo outono (50), verão (49) e inverno (43), essa última com menor número de espécies compartilhadas com outras estações e menor número de espécies exclusivas; o outono e o verão apresentaram faunas similares e 14 espécies ocorreram nas quatro estações do ano. O agroecossistema estudado apresentou alta diversidade de ichneumonídeos, a despeito de ser uma monocultura.
The aim of this work was to study the fauna of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) in a coffee agroecosystem located in Cravinhos, Sao Paulo, Brazil. The identification of species, the analysis of its diversity and seasonality, and the study of sampling methods were performed. Sampling was carried out weekly between May 2005 and April 2007, using Moericke and light traps (Jermy model). Moericke traps were fixed to wood stake near the lower and middle thirds of the coffee plants and kept there during 48 hours/week; twenty sample points were evaluated in one hectare, each one of them with three Moericke traps, distant one meter each other. Light traps were set at the height of the coffee plants ́canopy. Two light traps were twice installed for a 12 hours/week period, in a 1-ha plot. A total of 1,803 specimens of Ichneumonidae were collected, belonging to 16 subfamilies, 62 genera and 109 species (37 nominal and 72 morphospecies). Lissonota sp. (Banchinae), Ophion flavidus Brullé, 1846 (Ophioninae), Mesostenus alvarengae Porter, 1973 (Cryptinae), Thymebatis sp. 1 (Ichneumoninae), Netelia sp. (Tryphoninae), Pimpla sp. (Pimplinae), Eiphosoma laphygmae Costa Lima, 1953 (Cremastinae) and Syzeuctus sp. (Banchinae) were the most abundant, totaling 578, 318, 102, 97, 87, 66, 52 and 49 specimens collected, respectively. The Margalef and Shannon diversity indexes were, respectively, 14.41 and 2.81; and Pielou's evenness index was 0.60. A total of 1,243 (68.9% of total) ichneumonids were collected with Moericke traps and 560 (31.1%) with light traps. The diversity of ichneumonid species was higher in Moericke traps than in light traps. However, for groups with nocturnal habits, opposite results were observed. Moericke traps installed in the lower and middle third of the plants did not differ to ichneumonids diversity. The larger diversity of Ichneumonidae (70 species) was noticed during spring season, followed by autumn (50), summer (49) and winter (43) seasons. The smaller number of shared species with other seasons as well as the smaller number of unique species occurred in the winter. Similar faunas were found during autumn and summer. Fourteen species were collected in all seasons. The studied agroecosystem showed a high diversity of ichneumonids, although being a monoculture.
The aim of this work was to study the fauna of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) in a coffee agroecosystem located in Cravinhos, Sao Paulo, Brazil. The identification of species, the analysis of its diversity and seasonality, and the study of sampling methods were performed. Sampling was carried out weekly between May 2005 and April 2007, using Moericke and light traps (Jermy model). Moericke traps were fixed to wood stake near the lower and middle thirds of the coffee plants and kept there during 48 hours/week; twenty sample points were evaluated in one hectare, each one of them with three Moericke traps, distant one meter each other. Light traps were set at the height of the coffee plants ́canopy. Two light traps were twice installed for a 12 hours/week period, in a 1-ha plot. A total of 1,803 specimens of Ichneumonidae were collected, belonging to 16 subfamilies, 62 genera and 109 species (37 nominal and 72 morphospecies). Lissonota sp. (Banchinae), Ophion flavidus Brullé, 1846 (Ophioninae), Mesostenus alvarengae Porter, 1973 (Cryptinae), Thymebatis sp. 1 (Ichneumoninae), Netelia sp. (Tryphoninae), Pimpla sp. (Pimplinae), Eiphosoma laphygmae Costa Lima, 1953 (Cremastinae) and Syzeuctus sp. (Banchinae) were the most abundant, totaling 578, 318, 102, 97, 87, 66, 52 and 49 specimens collected, respectively. The Margalef and Shannon diversity indexes were, respectively, 14.41 and 2.81; and Pielou's evenness index was 0.60. A total of 1,243 (68.9% of total) ichneumonids were collected with Moericke traps and 560 (31.1%) with light traps. The diversity of ichneumonid species was higher in Moericke traps than in light traps. However, for groups with nocturnal habits, opposite results were observed. Moericke traps installed in the lower and middle third of the plants did not differ to ichneumonids diversity. The larger diversity of Ichneumonidae (70 species) was noticed during spring season, followed by autumn (50), summer (49) and winter (43) seasons. The smaller number of shared species with other seasons as well as the smaller number of unique species occurred in the winter. Similar faunas were found during autumn and summer. Fourteen species were collected in all seasons. The studied agroecosystem showed a high diversity of ichneumonids, although being a monoculture.
Descrição
Tese de doutorado defendida na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”.
Palavras-chave
Armadilha luminosa, Moericke, Parasitoides, Diversidade
Citação
FERNANDES, D. R. R. Fauna de Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) em um agroecossistema cafeeiro no estado de São Paulo. 2012. 220 f. Tese (Doutorado em Agronomia) - Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Jaboticabal. 2012.