Perfil de ácidos orgânicos e ácidos graxos durante a secagem de café arábica
Data
2018-12-07
Autores
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Editor
Universidade Federal de Lavras
Resumo
A interação dos fatores variedade, solo, altitude, fase de exposição, manejo, processamento, secagem, armazenamento, torra e preparo, são os responsáveis das características de complexidade obtidas na bebida de café especial. Diferentes pesquisas avaliaram as diferenças químicas de cafés com e sem a presença de parte do pericarpo durante o processamento. No entanto, a maioria foram feitas principalmente no grão cru ou sem controle de todos os outros fatores durante o processo. Acredita-se que é possível estabelecer algum ponto durante a secagem, no qual se consiga detectar onde ocorrem as diferenças da composição química entre os cafés naturais e descascados e quais compostos químicos predominam. Neste estudo amostras de café Coffea arabica L., variedade Catuaí Amarelo, procedentes de um único lote, foram coletadas com procedimentos adequados para produção de cafés especiais e submetidas simultaneamente a secagem em secador de camada fixa de convecção forçada. Foram estabelecidas amostras com presença do fruto intacto (café natural) e amostras com a remoção do exocarpo e mesocarpo (café desmucilado). Durante a secagem, foram retiradas amostras com teores de água 53±2%, 36±2%, 19±2% e 11±1% (b.u.), para análises do perfil de ácidos orgânicos por cromatografia líquida HPLC, perfil de ácidos graxos por cromatografia gasosa GC-MS e análise de compostos voláteis no grão de café torrado por GC-MS. Para os ácidos orgânicos e os ácidos graxos foi feito um desenho fatorial inteiramente casualisado DIC, para quatro teores de água (%b.u.), dois tipos de processamento (via seca e úmida), com três repetições. O perfil de ácidos orgânicos e graxos foi analisado por teste de comparação de média Scott-Knott (p<0.05) e PCA. Os compostos voláteis foram analisados com PLS-DA. A análise sensorial foi feita com uso da metodologia da SCA. O perfil de ácidos orgânicos mostrou que durante a fase de secagem entre 36±2% e 19±2% (b.u.) ocorre uma diminuição do conteúdo de ácido cítrico, succínico e acético para os dois tipos de processamento. O conteúdo de ácido quínico depende da interação entre o processamento e o teor de água, diminuindo na fase entre 36±2% e 19±2% (b.u.) para o café natural, e no café desmucilado se mantém sem alterações durante a secagem. Os ácidos graxos variam dependendo do teor de água para cada processamento, mas no final da secagem o café natural e desmucilado apresentam valores semelhantes. Foram identificados compostos voláteis predominantes no café natural: ácido acético, éster etílico, 2-metil butanal, 3-metil butanal, 2,5-dimetil pirazina, 2,3-dimetil pirazina, sendo que o perfil sensorial da bebida de café natural foi diferente do desmucilado.
The interaction of the variety, soil, altitude, exposure, handling, processing, drying, storage, roasting and preparation factors are responsible for the complexity characteristics obtained in the specialty coffee beverage. Different studies have evaluated the chemical differences of coffees with and without the presence of part of the pericarp during processing. However, most were mostly made in the raw or uncontrolled grain of all other factors during the process. It is believed that it is possible to establish a point during drying in which it is possible to detect where the differences on chemical composition between natural and peeled coffee occur and which chemical compounds predominate. In this study, samples of Coffea arabica L., Catuaí Amarelo variety, from a single batch, were collected with procedures suitable for the production of specialty coffees and simultaneously submitted to drying in a fixed layer dryer under forced convection. Samples with the presence of the intact fruit (natural coffee) and samples with exocarp and mesocarp removal (demucilated coffee) were established. During drying, samples with water contents 53±2%, 36±2%, 19±2% and 11±1% (w.b.) were taken for analysis of the organic acids profile by HPLC liquid chromatography, fatty acid profile by GC-MS gas chromatography and analysis of volatile compounds in the roasted coffee bean by GC-MS. For organic acids and fatty acids, a completely randomized factorial design was done for four water contents (% w.b.), two types of processing (dry and wet), with three replicates. The organic acid and fatty acid profile was analyzed by Scott-Knott's mean comparison test (p<0.05) and PCA. The volatile compounds were analyzed with PLS-DA. Sensory analysis was performed using the SCA methodology. For both processing methods, the organic acid profile showed a decrease in the content of citric, succinic and acetic acid, during the drying phase between 36±2% and 19±2% (w.b.). The content of quinic acid depends on the interaction between the processing method and the water content, which decreases in phase between 36±2% and 19±2% (w.b.) for the natural coffee. However, for the demucilated coffee, it remains unchanged during drying. The fatty acids vary depending on the water content for each processing, but at the end of drying the natural and demucilated coffee have similar values. Predominant volatile compounds were identified in natural coffee: acetic acid, ethyl ester, 2-methyl butanal, 3-methyl butanal, 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine, 2,3-dimethyl pyrazine, and the sensory profile of the natural coffee beverage was different of the demucilated.
The interaction of the variety, soil, altitude, exposure, handling, processing, drying, storage, roasting and preparation factors are responsible for the complexity characteristics obtained in the specialty coffee beverage. Different studies have evaluated the chemical differences of coffees with and without the presence of part of the pericarp during processing. However, most were mostly made in the raw or uncontrolled grain of all other factors during the process. It is believed that it is possible to establish a point during drying in which it is possible to detect where the differences on chemical composition between natural and peeled coffee occur and which chemical compounds predominate. In this study, samples of Coffea arabica L., Catuaí Amarelo variety, from a single batch, were collected with procedures suitable for the production of specialty coffees and simultaneously submitted to drying in a fixed layer dryer under forced convection. Samples with the presence of the intact fruit (natural coffee) and samples with exocarp and mesocarp removal (demucilated coffee) were established. During drying, samples with water contents 53±2%, 36±2%, 19±2% and 11±1% (w.b.) were taken for analysis of the organic acids profile by HPLC liquid chromatography, fatty acid profile by GC-MS gas chromatography and analysis of volatile compounds in the roasted coffee bean by GC-MS. For organic acids and fatty acids, a completely randomized factorial design was done for four water contents (% w.b.), two types of processing (dry and wet), with three replicates. The organic acid and fatty acid profile was analyzed by Scott-Knott's mean comparison test (p<0.05) and PCA. The volatile compounds were analyzed with PLS-DA. Sensory analysis was performed using the SCA methodology. For both processing methods, the organic acid profile showed a decrease in the content of citric, succinic and acetic acid, during the drying phase between 36±2% and 19±2% (w.b.). The content of quinic acid depends on the interaction between the processing method and the water content, which decreases in phase between 36±2% and 19±2% (w.b.) for the natural coffee. However, for the demucilated coffee, it remains unchanged during drying. The fatty acids vary depending on the water content for each processing, but at the end of drying the natural and demucilated coffee have similar values. Predominant volatile compounds were identified in natural coffee: acetic acid, ethyl ester, 2-methyl butanal, 3-methyl butanal, 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine, 2,3-dimethyl pyrazine, and the sensory profile of the natural coffee beverage was different of the demucilated.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado defendida na Universidade Federal de Lavras
Palavras-chave
Cafés especiais, Compostos voláteis, Pericarpo, Café, Processamento, Specialty coffees, Volatile compounds, Pericarp, Coffee processing
Citação
CALDERÓN, Renso Alfredo Aragón. Perfil de ácidos orgânicos e ácidos graxos durante a secagem de café arábica. 2019. 72 p. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Agrícola) - Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, 2018.