Limitações da fotossíntese e metabolismo do carbono em folhas de diferentes posições da copa do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.)
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2006
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
O cafeeiro é originário de ambientes sombreados, exibindo baixas taxas fotossintéticas, mesmo sob condições ótimas de cultivo. No entanto, muito pouco se sabe, nessa espécie, acerca das oscilações espaciais e temporais da fotossíntese, bem como das causas de suas baixas taxas fotossintéticas. Neste estudo, portanto, examinou-se o comportamento diurno das trocas gasosas, da fluorescência da clorofila a e do metabolismo do carbono, em diferentes posições da copa do cafeeiro, investigando-se as estratégias fisiológicas e bioquímicas envolvidas na aclimatação da maquinaria fotossintética, em função da atenuação da irradiância interceptada, ao longo do dossel, em plantas cultivadas em renques orientados no sentido norte-sul. Apesar de a radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (RFA) incidente sobre a copa ter variado, de 500 a 1850 mmol (fótons) m-2 s-1 ao longo dos horários avaliados, a RFA efetivamente interceptada foi bem menor, entre 20 a 800 mmol (fótons) m-2 s-1 para as folhas inferiores, e 50 a 1400 mmol (fótons) m-2 s-1, para as superiores. A taxa de assimilação líquida do carbono (A) foi, em média, 135% maior nas folhas superiores, ao passo que a razão entre a concentração interna e ambiente de CO2 (Ci/Ca) foi sempre maior, e a composição isotópica do carbono menor, nas folhas inferiores, enquanto valores similares das condutâncias estomática (gs) e mesofílica (gm) foram observados, comparando-se folhas superiores e inferiores. Apesar da baixa disponibilidade de luz, observada nos estratos inferiores, tanto as irradiâncias de compensação como a de saturação foram similares entre folhas superiores e inferiores. O rendimento quântico aparente também foi similar entre faces e estratos. A taxa de assimilação líquida de carbono saturada pela luz foi relativamente baixa, mesmo nas folhas superiores, indicando que limitações outras, além da luz, podem estar largamente associadas às baixas taxas fotossintéticas do cafeeiro. As atividades inicial e total da Rubisco, bem como seu estado de ativação, pouco variaram entre faces e estratos. Com efeito, estes resultados, juntamente com os obtidos a partir das curvas A/Ci, sugerem que: (i) as causas da variação espacial das taxas fotossintéticas em folhas recém-expandidas não foram resultantes de limitações bioquímicas ou difusionais, mas, fundamentalmente de limitações fotoquímicas associadas à baixa disponibilidade de luz; (ii) as baixas taxas fotossintéticas per se, em café, devem ser resultantes, particularmente, de limitações difusivas, conforme se infere a partir dos valores baixos de gs e gm, tanto nas folhas superiores como nas inferiores, ao longo de todo o dia, mas não necessariamente devido a uma baixa capacidade mesofílica para fixação de CO2. Mesmo a Ci >ou= 1000 mmol mol-1 (Ca ~ 1600 mmol mol-1), não se observou saturação de A, em folhas de ambas as faces e estratos. De fato, as pequenas variações nas concentrações dos carboidratos e nas atividades de várias enzimas associadas com o metabolismo do carbono sugerem que o café apresenta uma baixa plasticidade para ajustar a sua maquinaria bioquímica para fixação do CO2, em resposta à redução da disponibilidade de luz. As maiores atividades da sintase da sacarose-fosfato e da fosfatase da frutose-1,6-bisfosfato nas folhas superiores, em relação às das inferiores, devem estar fortemente associadas com as maiores taxas fotossintéticas observadas nas primeiras, de modo a garantir-lhes a manutenção da síntese e da exportação de fotoassimilados. Não se verificou fotoinibição da fotossíntese, mesmo nas folhas mais expostas à irradiância. O rendimento quântico do transporte de elétrons através do fotossistema II foi quase sempre menor, e a taxa de transporte de elétrons e o ângulo de inclinação foliar sempre maiores, nas folhas superiores em relação às inferiores. As diferenças observadas em A não estiveram relacionadas a diferenças na alocação de N para a produção de pigmentos fotossintéticos, cujas concentrações não variaram ao longo do dossel. Concomitantemente, estes resultados sugerem que, apesar dos valores relativamente baixos de A, o aparelho fotossintético do café exibe uma plasticidade relativamente baixa às variações da RFA.
This study aimed to explore the physiological and biochemical strategies associated to the acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus due to irradiance attenuation downwards the canopy of coffee plants, as well as the causes of their low photosynthetic rates. Sampling and measurements were made using outer leaves from upper and lower strata from east- and westfaced sides of a coffee hedgerow (north-south orientation). Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) incident on the canopy varied from 500 to 1850 mmol (photons) m-2 s-1 but PAR effectively intercepted by leaves was smaller, ranging from 20 to 800 mmol (photons) m-2 s-1 for lower leaves, and from 50 to 1400 mmol (photons) m-2 s-1 for the upper ones. In general, net carbon assimilation rate (A) was larger in upper leaves (135%), while internal to ambient CO2 concentration ratio (Ci/Ca) was always larger, and carbon isotope composition smaller, in lower leaves. By contrast, both stomatal (gs) and mesophyll (gm) conductances were similar for both upper and lower leaves. The compensation and saturation irradiances as well as the apparent quantum yield were also similar regardless leaf position. Light-saturated A was relatively low even in upper leaves, suggesting that limitations other than light could be largely associated with the low photosynthetic rates of coffee plants. Initial and total activities of Rubisco, as well as its activation state, varied lightly along the treatments. These results, combined with those from curves A/Ci, suggest that: (i) spatial variation of photosynthetic rates in recently expanded leaves were not a result of biochemical or diffusional limitations, but mainly of photochemical limitations associated with low-light availability; (ii) low photosynthetic rates per se should have resulted mainly from diffusional limitations, as could be deduced from the low values of gs and gm irrespective of leaf position, but not necessarily due to a low mesophyll capacity for CO2 fixation. Even at Ci >or= 1000 mmol mol-1 (Ca ~ 1600 mmol mol-1) A was not saturated. In fact, small variations in carbohydrate concentrations as well as in the activities of several enzymes associated with carbon metabolism suggest that the coffee tree presents a low plasticity to adjust its biochemical apparatus for CO2 fixation in response to decreasing light availability. The greatest activities of sucrose-phosphate synthase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in upper leaves appeared to be strongly associated with the greatest photosynthetic rates observed in these leaves in order to guarantee their abilities to maintain sucrose synthesis and export. Photoinhibition of photosynthesis was not observed even in the most exposed leaves. The quantum yield of electron transport was almost always smaller, while the electron transport rate and leaf angles were always larger, in the upper leaves than in the lower leaves. The differences observed in A were not related to a differential allocation of N for the production of photosynthetic pigments, which did not vary along the canopy. Taken together, despite the relatively low values of A, the photosynthetic apparatus of the coffee plants appears to exhibit a relatively low plasticity in response to varying irradiance.
This study aimed to explore the physiological and biochemical strategies associated to the acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus due to irradiance attenuation downwards the canopy of coffee plants, as well as the causes of their low photosynthetic rates. Sampling and measurements were made using outer leaves from upper and lower strata from east- and westfaced sides of a coffee hedgerow (north-south orientation). Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) incident on the canopy varied from 500 to 1850 mmol (photons) m-2 s-1 but PAR effectively intercepted by leaves was smaller, ranging from 20 to 800 mmol (photons) m-2 s-1 for lower leaves, and from 50 to 1400 mmol (photons) m-2 s-1 for the upper ones. In general, net carbon assimilation rate (A) was larger in upper leaves (135%), while internal to ambient CO2 concentration ratio (Ci/Ca) was always larger, and carbon isotope composition smaller, in lower leaves. By contrast, both stomatal (gs) and mesophyll (gm) conductances were similar for both upper and lower leaves. The compensation and saturation irradiances as well as the apparent quantum yield were also similar regardless leaf position. Light-saturated A was relatively low even in upper leaves, suggesting that limitations other than light could be largely associated with the low photosynthetic rates of coffee plants. Initial and total activities of Rubisco, as well as its activation state, varied lightly along the treatments. These results, combined with those from curves A/Ci, suggest that: (i) spatial variation of photosynthetic rates in recently expanded leaves were not a result of biochemical or diffusional limitations, but mainly of photochemical limitations associated with low-light availability; (ii) low photosynthetic rates per se should have resulted mainly from diffusional limitations, as could be deduced from the low values of gs and gm irrespective of leaf position, but not necessarily due to a low mesophyll capacity for CO2 fixation. Even at Ci >or= 1000 mmol mol-1 (Ca ~ 1600 mmol mol-1) A was not saturated. In fact, small variations in carbohydrate concentrations as well as in the activities of several enzymes associated with carbon metabolism suggest that the coffee tree presents a low plasticity to adjust its biochemical apparatus for CO2 fixation in response to decreasing light availability. The greatest activities of sucrose-phosphate synthase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in upper leaves appeared to be strongly associated with the greatest photosynthetic rates observed in these leaves in order to guarantee their abilities to maintain sucrose synthesis and export. Photoinhibition of photosynthesis was not observed even in the most exposed leaves. The quantum yield of electron transport was almost always smaller, while the electron transport rate and leaf angles were always larger, in the upper leaves than in the lower leaves. The differences observed in A were not related to a differential allocation of N for the production of photosynthetic pigments, which did not vary along the canopy. Taken together, despite the relatively low values of A, the photosynthetic apparatus of the coffee plants appears to exhibit a relatively low plasticity in response to varying irradiance.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado defendida na Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Palavras-chave
Café Efeito da radiação solar Fotossíntese Carboidratos Metabolismo Ecofisiologia vegetal Coffea arabica, Coffee Effect of solar radiation Photosynthesis Carbon metabolism Plant physiology Coffea arabica
Citação
Araújo, Wagner Luiz. Limitações da fotossíntese e metabolismo do carbono em folhas de diferentes
posições da copa do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.). Viçosa : UFV, 2006. 43 fl. Dissertação (Mestrado em Fisiologia Vegetal) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Orientador: Fábio Murilo DaMatta. T572.4623963 A663L 2006