Adaptações fisiológicas e morfológicas associadas à tolerância à seca em café robusta (Coffea canephora Pierre var. kouillou)
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2004
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
Clones de Coffea canephora Pierre var. kouillou com tolerância diferencial à seca vêm sendo selecionados com base em diferenças de produtividade, em condições de déficit hídrico. Porém, pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos fisiológicos determinantes de tal tolerância. Objetivou-se, assim, examinar características morfológicas, as respostas estomáticas ao déficit hídrico do solo e da atmosfera, as relações hídricas, a eficiência do uso da água (EA) e, também, examinar uma possível relação entre tolerância à seca e proteção contra o estresse oxidativo. Para isso, quatro clones (46 e 109A, sensíveis; 14 e 120, tolerantes à seca) foram cultivados em casa de vegetação, em vasos de 120 L, durante oito meses. O déficit hídrico foi imposto via suspensão da irrigação, até que o potencial hídrico na antemanhã (Yam) atingisse -3,0 MPa. Os clones 109A e 120, sob irrigação, apresentaram maior condutância hidráulica entre a raiz e a parte aérea (KL), maior potencial hídrico ao meio-dia e maior acúmulo de biomassa. Após 14 dias de suspensão da irrigação, Yam foi significativamente mais negativo no clone 109A que nos outros clones; sete dias após, Yam decresceu para -2,3 MPa nos clones sensíveis à seca, contra -0,8 MPa e -1,7 MPa nos clones 14 e 120, respectivamente. O clone 109A foi o primeiro a atingir -3,0 MPa na antemanhã, seguido pelo clone 46, clone 120 e, por fim, pelo clone 14. Não foi observado ajustamento elástico em nenhum dos clones, enquanto um ajuste osmótico de pequena magnitude foi limitado ao clone 109A, sob condições de seca. A condutância estomática (gs) foi reduzida fortemente em resposta aos decréscimos em Yam e, em menor extensão, aos incrementos no déficit de pressão de vapor entre folha e atmosfera. A sensibilidade estomática à seca, tanto do solo quanto da atmosfera, foi menor no clone 109A e similar entre os demais clones. A composição isotópica do carbono (d 13 C) aumentou significativamente, sob seca, em todos os clones, sugerindo incrementos em EA; o clone 109A, entretanto, apresentou valores mais negativos de d 13 C, independentemente do regime de irrigação. A profundidade do sistema radicular foi substancialmente maior nos clones tolerantes que nos sensíveis à seca. Isso pode explicar, pelo menos em parte, a manutenção de um status hídrico mais favorável nos clones tolerantes. O maior valor médio de KL no clone 120, sob seca, poderia explicar as diferenças de status hídrico entre ele e o clone 14. Em todos os clones, gs, KL e o potencial hídrico recuperaram-se rapidamente após a re-irrigação das plantas sob déficit hídrico; isso, aliado à forte sensibilidade estomática à seca, pode estar associado à resposta notável dessa espécie à irrigação. Independentemente do clone estudado, a seca pouco ou nada afetou o transporte de elétrons, a eficiência fotoquímica do fotossistema II e os coeficientes de extinção fotoquímico e não-fotoquímico. Comparativamente, o clone 120 apresentou maior tolerância de seu aparelho fotossintético ao estresse oxidativo mediado pela seca ou por ação do paraquat, com poucas diferenças observadas entre os demais clones nesse contexto. Sob seca, observaram-se incrementos significativos nas atividades da dismutase do superóxido (clones 109A e 120), peroxidase do ascorbato (clones 14, 46 e 109A), catalase e peroxidase do guaiacol (clones 46 e 109A), e redutase da glutationa (clone 46). As atividades da redutase do monodesidroascorbato e da redutase do desidroascorbato não foram afetadas pelos tratamentos aplicados; as atividades dessas enzimas foram substancialmente menores que a da peroxidase do ascorbato. O déficit hídrico acarretou danos oxidativos apenas no clone 109A. De modo geral, os clones avaliados foram capazes de manter, ou mesmo de aumentar, a atividade de seus sistemas de defesa contra danos oxidativos, mesmo a potenciais hídricos da ordem de -3,5 MPa. Em suma, combinação de mecanismos que efetivamente restringem a perda d’água, associada a sistemas radiculares profundos, deve ser decisiva para a sobrevivência e, ou, relativa estabilidade da produção dos clones de C. canephora tolerantes à seca, quando cultivados em ambientes sujeitos a secas prolongadas. Atributos como ajustes osmótico e elástico e proteção contra danos oxidativos mediados pela seca teriam uma importância secundária na determinação da tolerância à deficiência hídrica nessa espécie.
Clones of Coffea canephora Pierre var. kouillou with contrasting tolerance to drought stress have been chosen on the basis of their productivities under rainfed conditions. As little is known about physiological mechanisms associated with differences in drought tolerance in those clones, this work aimed to examine morphological traits, stomatal responses to both soil and atmosphere drought, water relations, water-use efficiency (WUE) and, in addition, whether drought tolerance in C. canephora may be linked to protection against oxidative damage. For these purposes, four clones of C. canephora representing drought-tolerant (14 and 120) and drought-sensitive (46 and 109A) genotypes were grown under screen house conditions, in 120 L pots, during eight months. Drought stress was imposed by withholding irrigation until leaf water potential at predawn (Ypd) reached about -3.0 MPa. Under full irrigation, soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance (KL), midday leaf water potential and total biomass were all greater in clones 109A and 120 than in the other clones. After 14 days without irrigation, Ypd decreased significantly in clone 109A in comparison with the other clones; seven days latter, Ypd dropped to about -2.3 MPa in clones 46 and 109A, against -0.8 MPa in clone 14 and -1.7 MPa in clone 120. Clone 109A attained -3.0 MPa at predawn earlier, followed by clone 46, clone 120, and then clone 14, in this order. Under drought stress, there was no elastic adjustment, while a slight osmotic adjustment was only noted in the clone 109A. Stomatal conductance (gs) was strongly decreased with decreasing Ypd; it declined modestly with increasing leaf-to-air vapour pressure deficit. Stomatal sensitivity to both soil and atmospheric drought was lower in clone 109A and similar among the other clones. Drought stress led to a significant increase in carbon isotope composition (d 13 C) for all clones, suggesting an increased WUE; however, absolute values of d 13 C were lower in clone 109A than in the other clones irrespective of the irrigation treatments. Clones 14 and 120 exhibited deeper root systems than drought-sensitive clones. This at least partially explain their better avoidance to drought as compared with the sensitive clones. On average, the larger KL in clone 120 than in clone 14 might largely explain why the latter was better able to postpone dehydration. For all clones, water potential, gs and KL recovered rapidly following re-watering; these facts, associated with the remarkable stomatal sensitivity to drought, should explain greatly why C. canephora responds strongly to irrigation. Independently of the clone examined, little or no effect of drought on the quantum yield of electron transport, photosystem II photochemical efficiency and photochemical and non-photochemical quenching coefficients was observed. Comparatively, the clone 120 showed a more tolerant photosynthetic apparatus to both drought and paraquat-induced oxidative stress, with no clear distinction among the other clones in this regard. Drought triggered increases in superoxide dismutase (clones 109A and 120), ascorbate peroxidase (clones 14, 46 and 109A), catalase and guaiacol peroxidase (clones 46 and 109A), and glutathione reductase (clone 46). Monodehydroascorbate reductase and dehydroascorbate reductase were not induced in drought-stressed plants; their maximal activities were much lower than that of ascorbate peroxidase, irrespective of the clone investigated. Oxidative damage, however, appeared to be evident only in clone 109A. In general, the clones herein investigated were able to preserve, or even to increase, their antioxidant defences at water potentials as low as -3.5 MPa. The combination of mechanisms that effectively postpone dehydration, associated with deep root systems, should contribute to survival and/or stability of crop yield of drought-tolerant clones in regions with unpredictable precipitation. Attributes such as osmotic and elastic adjustments and protection against oxidative damage induced by drought should be of minor importance to drought tolerance in this specie.
Clones of Coffea canephora Pierre var. kouillou with contrasting tolerance to drought stress have been chosen on the basis of their productivities under rainfed conditions. As little is known about physiological mechanisms associated with differences in drought tolerance in those clones, this work aimed to examine morphological traits, stomatal responses to both soil and atmosphere drought, water relations, water-use efficiency (WUE) and, in addition, whether drought tolerance in C. canephora may be linked to protection against oxidative damage. For these purposes, four clones of C. canephora representing drought-tolerant (14 and 120) and drought-sensitive (46 and 109A) genotypes were grown under screen house conditions, in 120 L pots, during eight months. Drought stress was imposed by withholding irrigation until leaf water potential at predawn (Ypd) reached about -3.0 MPa. Under full irrigation, soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance (KL), midday leaf water potential and total biomass were all greater in clones 109A and 120 than in the other clones. After 14 days without irrigation, Ypd decreased significantly in clone 109A in comparison with the other clones; seven days latter, Ypd dropped to about -2.3 MPa in clones 46 and 109A, against -0.8 MPa in clone 14 and -1.7 MPa in clone 120. Clone 109A attained -3.0 MPa at predawn earlier, followed by clone 46, clone 120, and then clone 14, in this order. Under drought stress, there was no elastic adjustment, while a slight osmotic adjustment was only noted in the clone 109A. Stomatal conductance (gs) was strongly decreased with decreasing Ypd; it declined modestly with increasing leaf-to-air vapour pressure deficit. Stomatal sensitivity to both soil and atmospheric drought was lower in clone 109A and similar among the other clones. Drought stress led to a significant increase in carbon isotope composition (d 13 C) for all clones, suggesting an increased WUE; however, absolute values of d 13 C were lower in clone 109A than in the other clones irrespective of the irrigation treatments. Clones 14 and 120 exhibited deeper root systems than drought-sensitive clones. This at least partially explain their better avoidance to drought as compared with the sensitive clones. On average, the larger KL in clone 120 than in clone 14 might largely explain why the latter was better able to postpone dehydration. For all clones, water potential, gs and KL recovered rapidly following re-watering; these facts, associated with the remarkable stomatal sensitivity to drought, should explain greatly why C. canephora responds strongly to irrigation. Independently of the clone examined, little or no effect of drought on the quantum yield of electron transport, photosystem II photochemical efficiency and photochemical and non-photochemical quenching coefficients was observed. Comparatively, the clone 120 showed a more tolerant photosynthetic apparatus to both drought and paraquat-induced oxidative stress, with no clear distinction among the other clones in this regard. Drought triggered increases in superoxide dismutase (clones 109A and 120), ascorbate peroxidase (clones 14, 46 and 109A), catalase and guaiacol peroxidase (clones 46 and 109A), and glutathione reductase (clone 46). Monodehydroascorbate reductase and dehydroascorbate reductase were not induced in drought-stressed plants; their maximal activities were much lower than that of ascorbate peroxidase, irrespective of the clone investigated. Oxidative damage, however, appeared to be evident only in clone 109A. In general, the clones herein investigated were able to preserve, or even to increase, their antioxidant defences at water potentials as low as -3.5 MPa. The combination of mechanisms that effectively postpone dehydration, associated with deep root systems, should contribute to survival and/or stability of crop yield of drought-tolerant clones in regions with unpredictable precipitation. Attributes such as osmotic and elastic adjustments and protection against oxidative damage induced by drought should be of minor importance to drought tolerance in this specie.
Descrição
Tese de Doutorado defendida na Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Palavras-chave
Café Robusta Resistência à seca Fotossíntese Adaptação fisiológica Adaptação morfológica Estresse oxidativo Enzimas Coffea canefora var. kouillou, Robusta coffee Drought tolerance Photosynthesis Physiological adaptation Morphological adaptation Oxidative stress Enzymes Coffea canefora var. kouillou
Citação
Pinheiro, Hugo Alves. Physiological and morphological adaptations as associated with drought tolerance in Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre var. kouillou). Viçosa : UFV, 2003. 48p. : il. (Thesis - Doctor Science in Plant Physiology). Major Advisor: Fábio Murilo DaMatta. T 581.1 P654p 2004