Potássio, fósforo, boro e irrigação na distribuição espaço-temporal da cercosporiose do cafeeiro
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Data
2015-07-10
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Universidade Federal de Lavras
Resumo
A cercosporiose (Cercospora coffeicola) é umas das principais doenças do cafeeiro, sendo sua ocorrência afetada pelo fornecimento de água e desequilíbrio nutricional. O fornecimento de água, que é realizado primordialmente pela chuva, mas pode ser feito pela irrigação por gotejamento ou aspersão. A nutrição mineral deficiente ou desequilibrada pode predispor as plantas à infecção pelo fungo. Pouco se conhece sobre a influência da nutrição mineral, principalmente com relação aos elementos boro (B), fósforo (P) e potássio (K), e da fertilidade do solo na intensidade da doença e sua distribuição espacial. Dessa forma, foram realizados três experimentos em campo, sendo que, no primeiro experimento, objetivou-se avaliar a interação entre lâminas de água com diferentes doses de fósforo (cinco lâminas de irrigação x quatro doses de fósforo). Realizaram-se avaliações de cercosporiose nas folhas a cada 30 dias. A curva de progresso da média da incidência da cercosporiose variou entre os dois anos, no Ano 1 (novembro de 2011 a dezembro de 2012), a incidência da cercosporiose teve seu pico em 22/08/2012 (22,45%) enquanto, no Ano 2 (janeiro de 2013 a janeiro de 2014), a incidência atingiu seu maior nível na avaliação no dia 12/09/2013 (16,29%). Houve interação entre lâminas de irrigação e doses de fósforo na avaliação realizada em 10/07/2012. O aumento de doses de P em menores lâminas de irrigação e, na ausência de adubação fosfatada em maiores lâminas de irrigação, obteve-se maiores incidências. No segundo experimento, objetivou- se avaliar a interação entre doses de K e de B (quatro doses de K, sendo 0, 100, 200 e 400 kg/ha de K x quatro doses de B, sendo as doses 0, 1, 2 e 4 kg/ha de B). Realizaram-se 24 avaliações da cercosporiose nas folhas do cafeeiro, a cada 30 dias. A curva média de progresso da incidência da cercosporiose variou entre os dois anos de avaliação. Os picos das incidências ocorreram em 28/02, 23/05 e 12/09 de 2013, 24/02 e 22/05 de 2014 respectivamente. No ano de 2014, a incidência foi menor em comparação com o ano de 2013, mesmo com alta carga pendente, possivelmente, devido às maiores temperaturas registradas. Houve interação significativa entre as doses de K e de B com a área abaixo da curva do progresso da incidência (AACPI), na qual as doses acima de 200 kg/ha de K com doses abaixo de 1 kg/ha de B, apresentaram os maiores níveis de doença. E no terceiro experimento, objetivou-se avaliar o padrão espacial da relação da cercosporiose com a fertilidade do solo e a nutrição da planta em lavoura cafeeira irrigada por gotejamento e pivô central. Em duas áreas experimentais, uma com sistema de irrigação por gotejamento de 11 ha, com 52 pontos amostrais georreferenciados, e a outra área de pivô central de 17 ha, com 50 pontos amostrais. Em cada ponto avaliou-se as folhas de cinco plantas a cada 60 dias. Houve correlação positiva da AACPI com as incidências em 17/04/2013, 24/08/2013, 04/06/2014 e 18/08/2014, e dos teores foliares de B, P e K. Na análise geoestatística para o sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, na relação das variáveis analisadas para 2014, do lado sudeste da área, foram observadas as menores produções, as maiores intensidades da cercosporiose e os maiores teores foliares de K, P e B, enquanto para o sistema por pivô central, na relação das variáveis analisadas para 2014, do lado Sudeste da área, foram observadas as menores produções, as maiores intensidades da cercosporiose e os maiores teores foliares de P e K e menor teor de B.
Brown eye spot (Cercospora coffeicola) is one of the major diseases of coffee, and its occurrence affected the supply of water and nutritional imbalance. The supply of water, which is primarily carried out by rain, but can be done by drip irrigation or sprinkling. Poor or unbalanced mineral nutrition may predispose plants to infection by the fungus. Little is known about the influence of mineral nutrition, particularly in relation to the elements boron (B), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), and soil fertility in the intensity of the disease and its spatial distribution. Thus, three experiments were carried out in the field, being the first experiment aimed to evaluate the interaction between water slides with different phosphorus levels (5 irrigation depths x 4 levels of phosphorus). Evaluations were performed on leaves of brown eye spot every 30 days. The average progress curve of the incidence of brown eye spot varied between the two years, in Year 1 (November 2011 to December 2012), the incidence of brown eye spot peaked at 22/08/2012 (22.45%) while, in Year 2 (January 2013 to January 2014), the incidence reached its highest level in the evaluation on 12/09/2013 (16.29%). There was interaction between irrigation and phosphorus levels in the evaluation held in 10/07/2012. Increased levels of P in smaller irrigation levels and in the absence of phosphate fertilizers in higher irrigation levels was obtained higher incidences. In the second experiment aimed to evaluate the interaction between doses of K and B (4 doses of K, with 0, 100, 200 and 400 kg/ha of K x 4 doses of B, the doses being 0, 1, 2 and 4 kg/ha B). They performed Twenty-four evaluations of brown eye spot on coffee leaves, every 30 days. The average progress curve of the incidence of brown eye spot was between the two years of evaluation. The peaks of incidences occurred in 28/02, 23/05 and 12/09 of 2013, 24/02 and 22/05 of 2014 respectively. In 2014, the incidence was lower compared to the year 2013, even with high load pending, possibly because the largest recorded temperatures. There was a significant interaction between doses K and B with the area under the impact of the progress curve (AACPI) in which doses above 200 kg/ha of K at doses below 1 kg/ha of B showed the higher levels of disease. And in the third experiment aimed to evaluate the spatial pattern of the relationship of brown eye spot with soil fertility and plant nutrition in irrigated coffee crop drip and center pivot. In two experimental areas, one with a drip irrigation system of 11 ha, with 52 georeferenced sampling points, and the other central pivot area of 17 ha, with 50 sampling points. At each point leaves the five plants was evaluated every 60 days. There was a positive correlation with the incidence of AACPI on 04/17/2013, 08/24/2013, 06/04/2014 and 18/08/2014, and foliar B, P and K. In geostatistical analysis for the system drip irrigation, the list of variables for 2014, the right side of the area, the lowest yields were observed, the highest intensities of gray leaf spot and major foliar K, P and B while for the system by central pivot, in list of variables for 2014, the right side of the area, the lowest yields were observed, the highest intensities of gray leaf spot and higher foliar P and K and lower content of B.
Brown eye spot (Cercospora coffeicola) is one of the major diseases of coffee, and its occurrence affected the supply of water and nutritional imbalance. The supply of water, which is primarily carried out by rain, but can be done by drip irrigation or sprinkling. Poor or unbalanced mineral nutrition may predispose plants to infection by the fungus. Little is known about the influence of mineral nutrition, particularly in relation to the elements boron (B), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), and soil fertility in the intensity of the disease and its spatial distribution. Thus, three experiments were carried out in the field, being the first experiment aimed to evaluate the interaction between water slides with different phosphorus levels (5 irrigation depths x 4 levels of phosphorus). Evaluations were performed on leaves of brown eye spot every 30 days. The average progress curve of the incidence of brown eye spot varied between the two years, in Year 1 (November 2011 to December 2012), the incidence of brown eye spot peaked at 22/08/2012 (22.45%) while, in Year 2 (January 2013 to January 2014), the incidence reached its highest level in the evaluation on 12/09/2013 (16.29%). There was interaction between irrigation and phosphorus levels in the evaluation held in 10/07/2012. Increased levels of P in smaller irrigation levels and in the absence of phosphate fertilizers in higher irrigation levels was obtained higher incidences. In the second experiment aimed to evaluate the interaction between doses of K and B (4 doses of K, with 0, 100, 200 and 400 kg/ha of K x 4 doses of B, the doses being 0, 1, 2 and 4 kg/ha B). They performed Twenty-four evaluations of brown eye spot on coffee leaves, every 30 days. The average progress curve of the incidence of brown eye spot was between the two years of evaluation. The peaks of incidences occurred in 28/02, 23/05 and 12/09 of 2013, 24/02 and 22/05 of 2014 respectively. In 2014, the incidence was lower compared to the year 2013, even with high load pending, possibly because the largest recorded temperatures. There was a significant interaction between doses K and B with the area under the impact of the progress curve (AACPI) in which doses above 200 kg/ha of K at doses below 1 kg/ha of B showed the higher levels of disease. And in the third experiment aimed to evaluate the spatial pattern of the relationship of brown eye spot with soil fertility and plant nutrition in irrigated coffee crop drip and center pivot. In two experimental areas, one with a drip irrigation system of 11 ha, with 52 georeferenced sampling points, and the other central pivot area of 17 ha, with 50 sampling points. At each point leaves the five plants was evaluated every 60 days. There was a positive correlation with the incidence of AACPI on 04/17/2013, 08/24/2013, 06/04/2014 and 18/08/2014, and foliar B, P and K. In geostatistical analysis for the system drip irrigation, the list of variables for 2014, the right side of the area, the lowest yields were observed, the highest intensities of gray leaf spot and major foliar K, P and B while for the system by central pivot, in list of variables for 2014, the right side of the area, the lowest yields were observed, the highest intensities of gray leaf spot and higher foliar P and K and lower content of B.
Descrição
Tese de Doutorado defendida na Universidade Federal de Lavras
Palavras-chave
Cercospora coffeicola, Coffea arabica, Geoestatística, Controle cultural, Nutrição mineral
Citação
CHAVES, E. Potássio, fósforo, boro e irrigação na distribuição espaço-temporal da cercosporiose do cafeeiro. 2015. 156 f. Tese (Doutorado em Agronomia/Fitopatologia) - Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras. 2015.