Ureia de liberação controlada, sombreamento e pegada hídrica na cafeicultura
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Data
2018-08-31
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
O setor do agronegócio nacional é um dos grandes responsáveis pelos superávits da balança comercial brasileira. Esse setor enfrenta vários desafios, dentre os que estão por vir, destacam- se os efeitos das modificações climáticas devidas a causas naturais ou antropogênicas e previstas por vários pesquisadores. Essas potenciais mudanças do clima têm requerido o incremento de estudos em diversos setores da economia, mas encontra especial importância no setor agropecuário, visto que a atividade é direta e severamente afetada por alterações no regime climático. Um dos produtos de destaque nas exportações brasileiras é o café. A cultura apresenta grande susceptibilidade ao aumento das temperaturas e modificações no padrão das precipitações, além de requerer para a alta produção grande investimento na aquisição de insumos agrícolas. Diante deste cenário, dois experimentos foram conduzidos visando avaliar as perdas de fertilizantes nitrogenados e formas de sua redução, bem como avaliar a dinâmica termo-hídrica do solo na cultura cafeeira em um cenário que o sombreamento possa ser utilizado como medida mitigadora dos efeitos das mudanças climáticas. Ambos os experimentos foram realizados na mesorregião da Zona da Mata, importante região cafeeira de Minas Gerais. Especificamente no primeiro experimento objetivou-se avaliar das perdas por lixiviação a partir da utilização de duas fontes de ureia (convencional e de liberação controlada), bem como duas formas de aplicação (parcelada e não parcelada). No segundo experimento, objetivou-se avaliar a dinâmica da umidade e do regime térmico de solo cultivado com duas variedades de cafeeiro, em duas condições de radiação (a pleno sol e com manejo de sombra). Adicionalmente neste experimento avaliou-se a pegada hídrica do café beneficiado. Os resultados indicaram que a ureia de liberação controlada em dose única (sem o parcelamento) é capaz de reduzir efetivamente a lixiviação de nitrogênio. Por outro lado, a utilização de ureia convencional em três aplicações também é eficiente na redução das perdas por lixiviação, embora implique em maior gasto de mão de obra. O manejo de sombra comprovou ser uma alternativa minimizante para os impactos proporcionados pelas mudanças climáticas, uma vez que levou a redução da temperatura e da evapotranspiração da cultura do cafeeiro de ambas as variedades avaliadas. Para uma das variedades de cafeeiro após dois anos do manejo de sombra implantado, entretanto, a sombra causou redução da produtividade. Mesmo com a redução da temperatura e da evapotranspiração, a pegada hídrica foi maior no cultivo sombreado do que ao pleno sol, impulsionada pela redução na produtividade das plantas submetidas ao sombreamento.
The national agribusiness sector is one of the main responsible for Brazilian trade balance surplus. This sector faces several challenges, among which can be highlighted the effects of climate change due to natural or anthropogenic causes and predicted by several researchers. These potential changes in the climate have required the increase of studies in several sectors of the economy, but are particularly important in the agricultural sector, since the activity is directly and severely affected by changes in the climate regime. One of the outstanding products in Brazilian exports is coffee. The crop presents great susceptibility to rising temperatures and modifications in the standard precipitation, besides requiring for the high production great investment in the acquisition of agricultural inputs. Before this scenario, two experiments were conducted to evaluate the leaching of nitrogen fertilizers and their reduction, as well as to evaluate the thermohydric dynamics of the soil in the coffee crop in a scenario that the shading can be used as a mitigating measure of the effects of climate change. Both experiments were carried out in the mesoregion of Zona da Mata, an important coffee region of Minas Gerais. Specifically in the first experiment, the objective of this study was to evaluate leach losses from the use of two sources of urea (conventional and controlled release), as well as two forms of application (parceled and non-parceled). In the second experiment, the objective was to evaluate the moisture dynamics and the thermal regime of cultivated soil with two coffee varieties, under two conditions of radiation (full sun and shade management). Additionally, it was evaluated in this experiment, the water footprint of the beneficiated coffee. The results indicated that controlled release urea in a single dose (without splitting) is capable of effectively reducing nitrogen leaching. On the other hand, the use of conventional urea in three applications is also efficient in reducing leach losses, although it implies a higher labor cost. The management of shade proved to be an alternative to reduce the impacts caused by climate change, since it led to the temperature reduction and evapotranspiration of the coffee crop of both evaluated varieties. For one of the coffee varieties after two years of the shade management implemented, however, the shade caused a reduction in productivity. Even with the reduction of temperature and evapotranspiration, the water footprint was higher in the shaded cultivation than in the full sun, driven by the reduction in the productivity of the plants under shading.
The national agribusiness sector is one of the main responsible for Brazilian trade balance surplus. This sector faces several challenges, among which can be highlighted the effects of climate change due to natural or anthropogenic causes and predicted by several researchers. These potential changes in the climate have required the increase of studies in several sectors of the economy, but are particularly important in the agricultural sector, since the activity is directly and severely affected by changes in the climate regime. One of the outstanding products in Brazilian exports is coffee. The crop presents great susceptibility to rising temperatures and modifications in the standard precipitation, besides requiring for the high production great investment in the acquisition of agricultural inputs. Before this scenario, two experiments were conducted to evaluate the leaching of nitrogen fertilizers and their reduction, as well as to evaluate the thermohydric dynamics of the soil in the coffee crop in a scenario that the shading can be used as a mitigating measure of the effects of climate change. Both experiments were carried out in the mesoregion of Zona da Mata, an important coffee region of Minas Gerais. Specifically in the first experiment, the objective of this study was to evaluate leach losses from the use of two sources of urea (conventional and controlled release), as well as two forms of application (parceled and non-parceled). In the second experiment, the objective was to evaluate the moisture dynamics and the thermal regime of cultivated soil with two coffee varieties, under two conditions of radiation (full sun and shade management). Additionally, it was evaluated in this experiment, the water footprint of the beneficiated coffee. The results indicated that controlled release urea in a single dose (without splitting) is capable of effectively reducing nitrogen leaching. On the other hand, the use of conventional urea in three applications is also efficient in reducing leach losses, although it implies a higher labor cost. The management of shade proved to be an alternative to reduce the impacts caused by climate change, since it led to the temperature reduction and evapotranspiration of the coffee crop of both evaluated varieties. For one of the coffee varieties after two years of the shade management implemented, however, the shade caused a reduction in productivity. Even with the reduction of temperature and evapotranspiration, the water footprint was higher in the shaded cultivation than in the full sun, driven by the reduction in the productivity of the plants under shading.
Descrição
Tese de Doutorado defendida na Universidade Federal de Viçosa.
Palavras-chave
Café - Nutrição, Balanço hidrológico, Fertilizantes nitrogenados, Mudanças Climáticas
Citação
SILVA, Laís Maria Rodrigues. Ureia de liberação controlada, sombreamento e pegada hídrica na cafeicultura. 2018. 70 f. Tese (Doutorado em Solos e Nutrição de Plantas) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG. 2018.