Diversidade funcional da partição de biomassa, ganho de carbono e do uso da água em Coffea canephora em resposta à disponibilidade hídrica
Data
2010-07-28
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
A divergência funcional associada à partição de biomassa, ganho de carbono e uso da água foi estudada em 10 clones de Coffea canephora. Mudas com quatro pares de folhas, provenientes do enraizamento de estacas de ramos ortotrópicos, foram cultivadas a pleno sol, em vasos de 24 dm 3 . Quando atingiram oito meses, as plantas foram submetidas a regimes hídricos diferenciais: um grupo de plantas foi irrigado continuamente (plantas-controle), enquanto o segundo grupo (10 plantas de cada clone) foi submetido à desidratação, imposta pela supressão da irrigação, até que a umidade do solo atingisse 66% da água disponível na capacidade de campo, permanecendo nessa condição durante 90 dias (déficit hídrico moderado). Metade das 10 plantas de cada clone foi então analisadas; à outra metade, permitiu-se que a água disponível decrescesse para 33% em relação à disponibilidade hídrica na capacidade de campo, mantendo-se as plantas nessa condição por mais 30 dias, quando foram, pois, avaliadas (déficit hídrico severo). Análises multivariadas com decomposição em componentes principais foram feitas, com o intuito de se avaliar a divergência funcional entre os clones e as possíveis estratégias desenvolvidas, em resposta à disponibilidade de água. De maneira geral, o déficit hídrico acarretou reduções significativas na biomassa acumulada, com incrementos na razão de massa radicular e redução na razão de massa foliar, enquanto a razão de massa caulinar pouco variou, a despeito do aumento expressivo de densidade de caule na grande maioria dos clones avaliados. Nas plantas- controle, maiores taxas fotossintéticas estiveram associadas com maior condutância estomática e maior razão entre as concentrações interna e externa de CO 2 , mas não se observou correlação significativa entre trocas gasosas com a composição isotópica do carbono. Independentemente do regime hídrico, a composição isotópica do nitrogênio não variou consistentemente, em resposta aos tratamentos aplicados. De modo geral, clones com maior eficiência hidráulica (menor densidade de caule, maior razão de massa radicular, maior taxa de transpiração, maior condutância hidráulica aparente e potenciais hídricos mais negativos) exibiram maior ganho de carbono. Esses mesmos clones tenderam a manter maiores taxas de fotossíntese líquida sob deficiência hídrica moderada, às expensas de maiores taxas do uso da água. Sob déficit hídrico severo, a manutenção parcial das trocas gasosas foi, em grande extensão, dependente de um status hídrico mais favorável associado a características mais conservativas em termos de uso da água. Ressalta-se que, sob seca severa, as reduções nas taxas fotossintéticas ocorreram em paralelo com reduções na condutância estomática, resultando numa correlação negativa entre taxas de fotossíntese e a razão entre as concentrações interna e externa de CO 2 ; como conseqüência, houve uma correlação negativa entre trocas gasosas e a composição isotópica do carbono. Variáveis associadas ao uso da água, como densidade do caule, potencial hídrico ao meio-dia e taxa de transpiração, além da composição isotópica do carbono (sob déficit hídrico), podem ser ferramentas úteis na identificação de clones promissores, em resposta à disponibilidade hídrica, especialmente porque são de fácil medição e exibiram uma amplitude substancial entre os clones.
The functional divergence associated with biomass partitioning, carbon gain and water use was studied in 10 clones of Coffea canephora. Seedlings, raised as rooted stem cuttings, with four leaf pairs were grown under full sunlight in 24 dm 3 pots. When 8 months old, the plants were submitted to varying irrigation treatments: a group of plants was watered regularly as needed (control plants); a second group was maintained at 66% field capacity for 90 days (mild water deficit). Half of the plants of each clone were then analyzed, the other half were kept at 33% field condition for more 30 days (severe water deficit). Multivariate analysis was performed in order to evaluate the functional divergence among clones and possible strategies to cope with water deficit. In general, the total biomass was dramatically decreased in droughted plants; this was accompanied by increases in the root mass ratio and decreases in the leaf biomass ratio, whereas only minor, if any, changes in the stem biomass ratio was found, although the stem density having increased significantly in most clones under drought conditions. In control plants, higher photosynthetic rates were associated with higher stomatal conductance and increased internal-to-atmospheric CO 2 concentration ratio; however, gas exchange parameters and carbon isotopic composition did not correlate significantly. Regardless of water deficit, nitrogen isotopic composition did not change consistently among the treatments. In general, clones displaying higher hydraulic efficiency (lower stem density, higher root biomass ratio, transpiration rates, apparent hydraulic conductance, and more negative water potentials) showed improved carbon gain. These clones were able to keep higher net photosynthetic rates under mild water deficit at the expense of higher water use. Under severe water deficit, partial maintenance of photosynthetic rates was, to a great extent, dependent on a more favorable leaf water status associated with more conservative traits linked to water use. It should be emphasized that decreases in photosynthesis rates were accompanied by reductions in stomatal conductance under severe drought, resulting in negative correlation between photosynthesis rates and internal-to-atmospheric CO 2 concentration ratio; as a result, negative correlation between gas exchange parameters and carbon isotopic composition was observed. Traits associated with water use, such as stem density, midday water potential and transpiration rate, in addition to carbon isotopic composition (under water deficit), could be useful tools for screening promising clones in response to water availability, specially because these traits are easily obtained and showed substantial amplitude among the clones.
The functional divergence associated with biomass partitioning, carbon gain and water use was studied in 10 clones of Coffea canephora. Seedlings, raised as rooted stem cuttings, with four leaf pairs were grown under full sunlight in 24 dm 3 pots. When 8 months old, the plants were submitted to varying irrigation treatments: a group of plants was watered regularly as needed (control plants); a second group was maintained at 66% field capacity for 90 days (mild water deficit). Half of the plants of each clone were then analyzed, the other half were kept at 33% field condition for more 30 days (severe water deficit). Multivariate analysis was performed in order to evaluate the functional divergence among clones and possible strategies to cope with water deficit. In general, the total biomass was dramatically decreased in droughted plants; this was accompanied by increases in the root mass ratio and decreases in the leaf biomass ratio, whereas only minor, if any, changes in the stem biomass ratio was found, although the stem density having increased significantly in most clones under drought conditions. In control plants, higher photosynthetic rates were associated with higher stomatal conductance and increased internal-to-atmospheric CO 2 concentration ratio; however, gas exchange parameters and carbon isotopic composition did not correlate significantly. Regardless of water deficit, nitrogen isotopic composition did not change consistently among the treatments. In general, clones displaying higher hydraulic efficiency (lower stem density, higher root biomass ratio, transpiration rates, apparent hydraulic conductance, and more negative water potentials) showed improved carbon gain. These clones were able to keep higher net photosynthetic rates under mild water deficit at the expense of higher water use. Under severe water deficit, partial maintenance of photosynthetic rates was, to a great extent, dependent on a more favorable leaf water status associated with more conservative traits linked to water use. It should be emphasized that decreases in photosynthesis rates were accompanied by reductions in stomatal conductance under severe drought, resulting in negative correlation between photosynthesis rates and internal-to-atmospheric CO 2 concentration ratio; as a result, negative correlation between gas exchange parameters and carbon isotopic composition was observed. Traits associated with water use, such as stem density, midday water potential and transpiration rate, in addition to carbon isotopic composition (under water deficit), could be useful tools for screening promising clones in response to water availability, specially because these traits are easily obtained and showed substantial amplitude among the clones.
Descrição
Dissertação de mestrado defendida na Universidade Federal de Viçosa.
Palavras-chave
Coffea canephora, Plantas - relações hídricas, Stress (fisiologia), Fotossíntese, Análise multivariada, Água - uso
Citação
SILVA, P. E. M. Diversidade funcional da partição de biomassa, ganho de carbono e do uso da água em Coffea canephora em resposta à disponibilidade hídrica. 2010. 47 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Fisiologia Vegetal) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG. 2010.