Respostas morfofisiológicas e produtivas do cafeeiro submetido a diferentes épocas e métodos de colheita no Cerrado Mineiro
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2020-09-19
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
A colheita é uma operação complexa e importante na lavoura cafeeira e que pode ser considerada um fator de estresse à planta. Objetivou-se neste trabalho quantificar as respostas morfofisiológicas e produtivas do cafeeiro submetido a diferentes épocas e métodos de colheita na Região do Cerrado Mineiro. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos, ambos em lavouras comerciais da cultivar Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62. O primeiro experimento foi realizado em uma lavoura de terceira safra sendo testadas as épocas de colheita precoce, adequada e tardia, definidas com base na porcentagem de frutos no estádio verde, cereja e passa/seco, respectivamente. O segundo experimento foi conduzido em uma lavoura de primeira colheita, e, além das épocas de colheita, foram testados os métodos de colheita manual e mecanizado. Foi possível constatar que colheitas realizadas tardiamente, tanto em lavouras de 1a ou 3a safras (lavouras novas), resultaram em menor volume de café por planta na mesma safra e também na safra do ano seguinte. Frutos colhidos próximos à colheita tardia apresentaram menor massa de matéria seca nas sementes e acréscimo no pergaminho em comparação àqueles colhidos próximos as épocas de colheita precoce e adequada. Com a facilidade no desprendimento dos frutos, a colheita tardia ocasionou menor desprendimento de folhas e quebra de ramos no momento da colheita. No entanto, o intervalo entre a colheita e a florada foi curto, o que concorreu para o atraso no desenvolvimento das estruturas florais e para queda da quantidade em relação às plantas que foram colhidas precocemente. Plantas colhidas tardiamente apresentaram, na estação de crescimento seguinte, maior número de nós nos ramos ortotrópico e plagiotrópico, além de maior área foliar. Na safra seguinte, plantas que foram colhidas tardiamente apresentaram menor volume de café por planta, queda no percentual de peneiras 18/17, melhor rendimento, mas queda significativa na produtividade total (árvore + chão). Colheitas precoces penalizaram parcialmente o rendimento e renda na safra seguinte, no entanto, permitiram que as plantas reequilibrassem precocemente, com reflexos positivos no florescimento e, consequentemente, na produtividade da safra seguinte. Em função das colheitas precoces realizadas em 2018, colheitas também precoces realizadas em 2019 apresentaram produtividade 67% superior às colheitas realizadas tardiamente, em ano considerado de safra baixa. Apesar da colheita manual causar menos danos (desprendimento de folhas equebra de ramos) e apresentar plantas com maior área foliar, não houve diferença entre os métodos na produtividade total da lavoura em 2019. Os resultados indicaram, que o fruto de café como um todo (mas não a semente) parece manter a atividade de órgão- dreno nos estágios finais da maturação. Colheita tardia atrasa o aparecimento das gemas e reduz fortemente o número de frutos por roseta em comparação a colheitas precoces ou adequadas. Colheitas precoce ou na época adequada, em lavouras jovens de safra alta, resultam em maiores produtividades na safra seguinte se compradas à colheita tardia. Os danos às plantas de café foram maiores no método de colheita manual em comparação ao mecanizado. A produtividade da safra seguinte não foi afetada pelos métodos de colheita empregados no ano anterior em lavouras de primeira safra. Palavras-chave: Coffea arabica. Crescimento. Fisiologia da produção. Relação fonte: dreno.
Harvesting is a complex and important operation in coffee plantations and can be considered a stress factor for the crops. The objective of this work was to quantify the morphophysiological and productive responses of coffee crops submitted to different harvesting seasons and methods in the brazilian Cerrado Mineiro region. Two experiments were carried out in commercial crops of the cultivar Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62. The first experiment was carried out in a third yield field, evaluating the early, adequate and late harvest times, defined based on the percentage of fruits in the green, cherry and raisin/dry stages, respectively. The second experiment was carried out in a first harvest field and, in addition to the harvesting seasons, manual and mechanized harvesting methods were tested. It was verified that harvests carried out late, both in 1st or 3rd yield fields (new crops), resulted in a lower volume of coffee per plant of the same yield and also in the following year. Harvested fruits close to the late yield showed less dry matter in the seeds and increased parchment compared to those harvested close to the early and adequate yields. With the ease in detaching the fruits, the late harvest caused less releasing of leaves and breaking of branches at the time of harvest. However, the interval between harvest and flowering was short, which contributed to the delay in the development of floral structures and the decrease in quantity compared to plants belonging to the early yield. Plants harvested late aggregated, in the next growing season, more nodes in the orthotropic and plagiotropic branches, in addition to a greater leaf area. In the following harvest, plants that were harvested late showed smaller volume of coffee per plant, drop in the percentage of sieves 18/17 and better yield, but decrease in total productivity (tree + ground). Early harvests partially penalized the yield and income in the next harvest, however, they allowed the plants to precoce rebalance, with positive effects on flowering and, consequently, on the productivity of the next harvesting season. Due to the precocious harvests carried out in 2018, also precocious harvests in 2019 showed productivity 67% higher than late harvests, in a year considered to be of low productivity. Although manual harvesting causes less damage (releasing of leaves and breaking of branches) and presents plants with a larger leaf area, there was no difference between the methods in total crop productivity in 2019. The results indicated that the coffee fruit as a whole (except for the seed) appears to maintain organ-drain activity inthe final stages of maturation. Late harvest delays the appearance of the buds and strongly reduces the number of fruits per rosette compared to early or high harvests. Harvesting early or at the appropriate time, in young crops with high yields, results in higher productivity in the next harvest if compared to late harvesting. The damage to coffee plants was greater in the manual harvesting method than the mechanized one. The productivity of the following harvest was not affected by the harvest methods used in the previous year in crops of the first yield. Keywords: Coffea Arabica. Growth. Production physiology. Source: drain. Relationship
Harvesting is a complex and important operation in coffee plantations and can be considered a stress factor for the crops. The objective of this work was to quantify the morphophysiological and productive responses of coffee crops submitted to different harvesting seasons and methods in the brazilian Cerrado Mineiro region. Two experiments were carried out in commercial crops of the cultivar Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62. The first experiment was carried out in a third yield field, evaluating the early, adequate and late harvest times, defined based on the percentage of fruits in the green, cherry and raisin/dry stages, respectively. The second experiment was carried out in a first harvest field and, in addition to the harvesting seasons, manual and mechanized harvesting methods were tested. It was verified that harvests carried out late, both in 1st or 3rd yield fields (new crops), resulted in a lower volume of coffee per plant of the same yield and also in the following year. Harvested fruits close to the late yield showed less dry matter in the seeds and increased parchment compared to those harvested close to the early and adequate yields. With the ease in detaching the fruits, the late harvest caused less releasing of leaves and breaking of branches at the time of harvest. However, the interval between harvest and flowering was short, which contributed to the delay in the development of floral structures and the decrease in quantity compared to plants belonging to the early yield. Plants harvested late aggregated, in the next growing season, more nodes in the orthotropic and plagiotropic branches, in addition to a greater leaf area. In the following harvest, plants that were harvested late showed smaller volume of coffee per plant, drop in the percentage of sieves 18/17 and better yield, but decrease in total productivity (tree + ground). Early harvests partially penalized the yield and income in the next harvest, however, they allowed the plants to precoce rebalance, with positive effects on flowering and, consequently, on the productivity of the next harvesting season. Due to the precocious harvests carried out in 2018, also precocious harvests in 2019 showed productivity 67% higher than late harvests, in a year considered to be of low productivity. Although manual harvesting causes less damage (releasing of leaves and breaking of branches) and presents plants with a larger leaf area, there was no difference between the methods in total crop productivity in 2019. The results indicated that the coffee fruit as a whole (except for the seed) appears to maintain organ-drain activity inthe final stages of maturation. Late harvest delays the appearance of the buds and strongly reduces the number of fruits per rosette compared to early or high harvests. Harvesting early or at the appropriate time, in young crops with high yields, results in higher productivity in the next harvest if compared to late harvesting. The damage to coffee plants was greater in the manual harvesting method than the mechanized one. The productivity of the following harvest was not affected by the harvest methods used in the previous year in crops of the first yield. Keywords: Coffea Arabica. Growth. Production physiology. Source: drain. Relationship
Descrição
Dissertação de mestrado defendida na Universidade Federal de Viçosa.
Palavras-chave
Coffea arabica, Fisiologia da produção, Café arábica, Café do cerrado
Citação
BORDIN, Bárbara Cristina de Melo. Respostas morfofisiológicas e produtivas do cafeeiro submetido a diferentes épocas e métodos de colheita no Cerrado Mineiro. 2020. 80 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Manejo e Conservação de Ecossistemas Naturais e Agrários) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Florestal-MG. 2020.