Fertilizantes nitrogenados convencionais, estabilizados, de liberação lenta, controlada e blends para o cafeeiro
Data
2018-03-27
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Universidade Federal de Lavras
Resumo
A ureia é a fonte de fertilizante nitrogenado mais utilizado na cafeicultura. Quando aplicada ao solo, entra em contato com a água e sofre uma reação de hidrólise catalisada pela enzima urease, nesse processo, parte do nitrogênio é facilmente perdido para a atmosfera. Objetivou-se, com esta pesquisa, quantificar as perdas de amônia pela ureia e buscar fontes de fertilizantes nitrogenados com melhor aproveitamento. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 11 tratamentos e três repetições. Foram avaliados os fertilizantes estabilizados ureia + cobre + boro, ureia + polímero aniônico e ureia + NBPT; fertilizantes convencionais: ureia, ureia dissolvida em água, sulfato de amônio, nitrato de amônio. Outro grupo de fertilizantes testados, foram os de liberação lenta ou controlada: ureia + enxofre + polímero, ureia + resina plástica, ureia formaldeído e ureia revestida por polímero insolúvel em água. Para todos os tratamentos, foram aplicados 300 kg ha-1 de N/ano, e os fertilizantes convencionais e estabilizados foram divididos em três parcelamentos e os de liberação lenta ou controlada somente uma aplicação. Foram avaliadas as perdas por volatilização, alteração do pH na camada superficial do solo, teores de N, S, Cu e B na folha e produtividade do cafeeiro. Durante a safra 2016/2017, as maiores perdas de NH3 foram observadas para a ureia + polímeros aniônicos (30,6%) e ureia convencional (25,6 %). A menor perda de nitrogênio por volatilização foi encontrada para o nitrato de amônio (0,5 %), sulfato de amônio (0,6 %) e ureia formaldeído (0,3 %). Não houve alteração do pH, na camada superficial (5 cm) do solo, após as aplicações das adubações nitrogenadas. Os maiores teores foliares de N foram observados para os fertilizantes que tiveram as menores perdas de amônia: nitrato de amônio, sulfato de amônio e ureia formaldeído. Oito fertilizantes possibilitaram produtividade entre 60,5 e 69,2 sacas ha-1 e as menores produtividades foram observadas para o nitrato de amônio, ureia formaldeído e ureia + cobre + boro (46,8 a 53,5 sacas ha-1). Não foi observado incremento de produtividade para os fertilizantes que apresentaram as menores perdas de N por volatilização. Copilando os dados de pesquisas de autores que trabalharam, na mesma área experimental, em safras anteriores, em média de quatro safras, a maior perda foi observada para a ureia + polímeros aniônicos (33,0% do aplicado), seguida da ureia convencional com 29,5% de perdas. A menor perda foi para o nitrato de amônio (0,4%), sulfato de amônio (0,6%) e ureia formaldeído (0,7%). A produtividade média do experimento, em quatro safras, foi de 37 sacas beneficiadas ha-1, apresentaram as maiores médias a ureia + polímeros aniônicos (42), ureia + resina plástica (41), sulfato de amônio (41) ureia dissolvida (39), ureia convencional (38), ureia + NBPT (37) e ureia + enxofre + polímero (37).
Urea is the most used source of nitrogen fertilizer used in coffee crops. When applied to soils, it comes into contact with water and suffers a hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the urease enzyme. During this process, part of the nitrogen is lost to the atmosphere. We conducted this research with the objective of quantifying the loss of ammonium through urea and seeking more efficient nitrogen fertilizers to evaluate stabilized nitrogen fertilizers of slow and controlled release, comparing them to conventional fertilizers used in coffee crops. The study was conducted in Lavras, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. We used a completely randomized block design, with 11 treatments and three replicates. The stabilized and conventional fertilizers evaluated were: conventional urea, urea dissolved in water, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, urea + copper + boron, urea + anionic polymer, and urea + NBPT. Another group of fertilizers with slow or controlled release technology was also evaluated: urea + sulfur + polymer, urea + plastic resin, formaldehyde urea, and urea coated with a water-insoluble polymer. We applied 300 kg ha-1 of N/year for all treatments, dividing the conventional and stabilized fertilizers into three plots, and the slow or controlled release fertilizers in a single application. We evaluated the loss by volatilization, pH change in the surface layer of the soil, the contents of N, S, Cu, and B in the leaves as well as coffee productivity. In the 2016/2017 harvest, the highest losses of NH3 occurred for urea + anionic polymer (30.6%) and conventional urea (25.6%). The lowest loss of nitrogen by volatilization occurred for ammonium nitrate (0.5%), ammonium sulfate (0.6%), and formaldehyde urea (0.3%). The pH of the surface layer of the soil did not alter after applying the nitrogen fertilizers. The highest foliar contents of N occurred for the fertilizers presenting the lowest losses of ammonium: ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and formaldehyde urea. Eight of the fertilizers allowed productivity between 60.5 and 69.2 bags ha-1. The lowest productivities occurred for ammonium nitrate, formaldehyde urea, and urea + copper + boron (from 46.8 to 53.5 bags ha- 1 ). We observed no increase of productivity for the fertilizers presenting the lowest losses of N by volatilization. When compiling research data obtained by authors who previously worked in the same experimental area for four harvests, we observed a higher loss for urea + anionic polymer (33.0%), followed by conventional urea (29.5% of loss). The lowest losses occurred for ammonium nitrate (0.4%), ammonium sulfate (0.6%), and formaldehyde urea (0.7%). The average productivity of the experiment in four harvests was of 37 bags ha-1. The fertilizers with the highest average were urea + anionic polymer (42), urea + plastic resin (41), ammonium sulfate (41), dissolved urea (39), conventional urea (38), urea + NBPT (37), and urea + sulfur + polymer (37).
Urea is the most used source of nitrogen fertilizer used in coffee crops. When applied to soils, it comes into contact with water and suffers a hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the urease enzyme. During this process, part of the nitrogen is lost to the atmosphere. We conducted this research with the objective of quantifying the loss of ammonium through urea and seeking more efficient nitrogen fertilizers to evaluate stabilized nitrogen fertilizers of slow and controlled release, comparing them to conventional fertilizers used in coffee crops. The study was conducted in Lavras, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. We used a completely randomized block design, with 11 treatments and three replicates. The stabilized and conventional fertilizers evaluated were: conventional urea, urea dissolved in water, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, urea + copper + boron, urea + anionic polymer, and urea + NBPT. Another group of fertilizers with slow or controlled release technology was also evaluated: urea + sulfur + polymer, urea + plastic resin, formaldehyde urea, and urea coated with a water-insoluble polymer. We applied 300 kg ha-1 of N/year for all treatments, dividing the conventional and stabilized fertilizers into three plots, and the slow or controlled release fertilizers in a single application. We evaluated the loss by volatilization, pH change in the surface layer of the soil, the contents of N, S, Cu, and B in the leaves as well as coffee productivity. In the 2016/2017 harvest, the highest losses of NH3 occurred for urea + anionic polymer (30.6%) and conventional urea (25.6%). The lowest loss of nitrogen by volatilization occurred for ammonium nitrate (0.5%), ammonium sulfate (0.6%), and formaldehyde urea (0.3%). The pH of the surface layer of the soil did not alter after applying the nitrogen fertilizers. The highest foliar contents of N occurred for the fertilizers presenting the lowest losses of ammonium: ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and formaldehyde urea. Eight of the fertilizers allowed productivity between 60.5 and 69.2 bags ha-1. The lowest productivities occurred for ammonium nitrate, formaldehyde urea, and urea + copper + boron (from 46.8 to 53.5 bags ha- 1 ). We observed no increase of productivity for the fertilizers presenting the lowest losses of N by volatilization. When compiling research data obtained by authors who previously worked in the same experimental area for four harvests, we observed a higher loss for urea + anionic polymer (33.0%), followed by conventional urea (29.5% of loss). The lowest losses occurred for ammonium nitrate (0.4%), ammonium sulfate (0.6%), and formaldehyde urea (0.7%). The average productivity of the experiment in four harvests was of 37 bags ha-1. The fertilizers with the highest average were urea + anionic polymer (42), urea + plastic resin (41), ammonium sulfate (41), dissolved urea (39), conventional urea (38), urea + NBPT (37), and urea + sulfur + polymer (37).
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado defendida na Universidade Federal de Lavras
Palavras-chave
Perdas de amônia, Inibidor de urease, Ureia
Citação
BARTELEGA, L. Fertilizantes nitrogenados convencionais, estabilizados, de liberação lenta, controlada e blends para o cafeeiro. 2018. 68 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência do Solos) - Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras. 2018.