Fatores que afetam a eficiência de parasitóides: o caso dos parasitóides da broca-do-café Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae)
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Data
2001
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
A broca-do-café, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae), é considerada como uma espécie que provoca perdas econômicas em lavouras de café. Para seu controle biológico, têm sido utilizados, entre outros organismos, os ectoparasitóides larvais Cephalonomia stephanoderis (Betrem) (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) e Prorops nasuta (Waterston) (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). No entanto, apesar da ação desses parasitóides, a broca-do-café continua sendo considerada como a principal praga das lavouras de café nos países produtores de café do mundo. Em 1990 foi registrado Phymastichus coffea (La Salle) (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), como um endoparasitóide de adultos da broca-do-café com potencial para controlar as populações dessa praga. No entanto, devido à insuficiência de dados que permitam comparar o potencial de P. coffea com o de C. stephanoderis e P. nasuta para reduzir populações da broca-do-café, foram objetivos do presente trabalho, i) avaliar em condições de laboratório, a taxa líquida de incremento natural (rm) desses três parasitóides e da broca-do-café, em função de diferentes temperaturas e umidades relativas do ar, e, ii) quantificar em condições semicontroladas de campo, a duração do ciclo de vida e as taxas de parasitismo de P. coffea em cafezais com diferente altitude. A proposta consistiu em explicar como pode ser afetado o sucesso técnico desses parasitóides, quando atuam sobre eles, algumas variáveis ecológicas presentes em campo (temperatura, umidade relativa do ar, e, altitude). Em condições de laboratório, os diferentes valores de umidade relativa não afetaram as taxas de crescimento populacional das espécies estudadas, mas, quando considerados os diferentes valores de temperatura, os parasitóides C. stephanoderis e P. nasuta apresentaram uma taxa de crescimento populacional mais baixa que a de P. coffea, na faixa térmica compreendida entre 12 e 28oC. Segundo os resultados de laboratório, P. coffea se apresenta como o parasitóide com maior potencial para o controle biológico da broca-do-café em cafezais localizados numa ampla faixa térmica. No entanto, quando avaliadas as taxas de parasitismo de P. coffea em condições de campo, estas diminuíram quando diminuía a altitude onde se localiza a lavoura. Foi evidenciado e quantificado a infecção espontânea e natural do fungo entomopatogênico Beauveria bassiana sobre adultos da broca-do-café previamente parasitados pelo P. coffea. Ainda, estas infecções estiveram inversamente relacionadas com a diminuição gradativa do número de adultos da broca-do-café parasitados por P. coffea. Finalmente, numa análise teórica, são consideradas além das variáveis avaliadas no presente trabalho, outras que poderiam explicar hipoteticamente, o insucesso técnico de parasitóides em geral, e dos parasitóides da broca-do-café em particular.
The coffee borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae), is considered a species that causes economic losses in coffee crops. To its biological control larvae ectoparasitoids have been used, among other organisms, such as Cephalonomia stephanoderis (Betrem) (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) and Prorops nasuta (Waterston) (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Despite the action of these parasitoids, however, the coffee borer continues to be considered as the main pest of coffee crops in the coffee producer countries in the World. In 1990, the coffee borer adult endoparasitoid Phymasticus coffea (La Salle) (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) has been registered and considered as potential controller of populations of coffee borer. Because data allowing to compare the potential of P. coffea, C. stephanoderis and P. nasuta in reducing borer coffee populations are scarce, this work aimed: i) to evaluate in laboratory conditions the net rate of natural increase (rm) of these three parasitoids and of the coffee borer, varying the temperature and air moisture, and ii) quantify in semi-controlled field conditions the life cycle duration and parasitism rates of P. coffea in coffee plantations in different altitudes. The proposal consisted in explaining how the technical success of such parasitoids may be affected by ecological variables that are present in field conditions (temperature, air moisture and altitude). In laboratory conditions the different values of air moisture did not affect populations increase rates of studied species, but temperature affected C. stephanoderis and P. nasuta, which presented a smaller population increase rate than P. coffea in the range of 12 and 28ºC. According to laboratory results, P. coffea is the parasitoid with larger potential use in biological control in coffee crops located in an ample temperature range. However, when P. coffea parasitism rates were evaluated in field conditions, they decrease with altitude decrease. The spontaneous and natural infection by the entomopatogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana on previously parasitized coffee borer adults was evidenced and quantified. Such infections were inversely related to decrease of adult number in the coffee borer adults parasitized by P. coffea. Finally, in a theoretical analysis, several other variables, besides those evaluated in the present work, are considered to the hypothetical explanation of the technical lack of success of parasitoids in general, and of the coffee borer parasitoids in particular.
The coffee borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae), is considered a species that causes economic losses in coffee crops. To its biological control larvae ectoparasitoids have been used, among other organisms, such as Cephalonomia stephanoderis (Betrem) (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) and Prorops nasuta (Waterston) (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Despite the action of these parasitoids, however, the coffee borer continues to be considered as the main pest of coffee crops in the coffee producer countries in the World. In 1990, the coffee borer adult endoparasitoid Phymasticus coffea (La Salle) (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) has been registered and considered as potential controller of populations of coffee borer. Because data allowing to compare the potential of P. coffea, C. stephanoderis and P. nasuta in reducing borer coffee populations are scarce, this work aimed: i) to evaluate in laboratory conditions the net rate of natural increase (rm) of these three parasitoids and of the coffee borer, varying the temperature and air moisture, and ii) quantify in semi-controlled field conditions the life cycle duration and parasitism rates of P. coffea in coffee plantations in different altitudes. The proposal consisted in explaining how the technical success of such parasitoids may be affected by ecological variables that are present in field conditions (temperature, air moisture and altitude). In laboratory conditions the different values of air moisture did not affect populations increase rates of studied species, but temperature affected C. stephanoderis and P. nasuta, which presented a smaller population increase rate than P. coffea in the range of 12 and 28ºC. According to laboratory results, P. coffea is the parasitoid with larger potential use in biological control in coffee crops located in an ample temperature range. However, when P. coffea parasitism rates were evaluated in field conditions, they decrease with altitude decrease. The spontaneous and natural infection by the entomopatogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana on previously parasitized coffee borer adults was evidenced and quantified. Such infections were inversely related to decrease of adult number in the coffee borer adults parasitized by P. coffea. Finally, in a theoretical analysis, several other variables, besides those evaluated in the present work, are considered to the hypothetical explanation of the technical lack of success of parasitoids in general, and of the coffee borer parasitoids in particular.
Descrição
Tese de Doutorado defendida na Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Palavras-chave
Broca-do-café Controle biológico População Efeito da temperatura Efeito da umidade Inimigos naturais Parasitóides, Coffee berry borer Biological control Pupulation Effects of temperature Effects of humidity Natural enemies Parasitoids
Citação
Cantor Rincón, Fernando. Fatores que afetam a eficiência de parasitóides: o caso dos parasitóides da broca-do-café Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). Viçosa : UFV, 2001. 52p. : il. (Tese - Doutorado em Entomologia) Orientador: Evaldo Ferreira Vilela T 633.73976 C232f 2001