Liberação de nitrogênio e potássio da palha de café em função da adubação nitrogenada
Data
2013-07-02
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Editor
Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”
Resumo
Há evidências de que a mineralização da palha de café utilizada como adubo orgânico é mais lenta do que seria desejável, dessa forma, no presente trabalho objetivou-se estimar a mineralização de N e K da palha de café e seu retorno ao solo, em função do tratamento com doses de nitrato de amônio. O experimento foi realizado em colunas com solo, em casa de vegetação, na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas Botucatu (SP). Foi utilizada a camada superficial (0-20 cm) de um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico de textura média. No experimento foi utilizada palha de café proveniente do processamento do café seco em coco; o experimento foi conduzido por um período de 5 meses e aos 50, 100 e 150 dias (término do ensaio) foram retiradas quatro repetições de cada tratamento para avaliações. Foi estimada a mineralização de nitrogênio aplicando-se o equivalente a 0, 80, 160, 240 e 320 kg ha-1 de N na forma de nitrato de amônio, na presença e ausência de 10 t ha-1 de palha de café (resíduo do beneficiamento de café em coco). A palha foi depositada na superfície do solo em colunas; o fertilizante foi aplicado sobre a palha. Foram realizadas regas semanais, simulando a pluviosidade de 1285 mm, a qual corresponde à média de dez anos das precipitações observadas nos meses de outubro a fevereiro (meses com maior intensidade chuvosa) da região de Franca, Nordeste de SP. A precipitação total foi dividida pelos 5 meses, obtendo-se a precipitação mensal de 257 mm. Esse valor da precipitação mensal foi dividido em 4 aplicações, obtendo assim uma aplicação semanal de 64,25 mm de chuva. A água percolada foi coletada semanalmente para determinação da quantidades de K. Aos 50, 100 e 150 dias após o início do ensaio foram coletadas amostras de solo nas colunas retiradas e analisados os teores de K, N inorgânico, N total e pH nas profundidades 0 - 5, 5 - 10,10 - 20 e 20 - 40 cm nas colunas. No solo da profundidade 0 - 5 cm das colunas retiradas também foi determinada a atividade das enzimas L-Asparaginase e Amidase. A avaliação da atividade das enzimas foi utilizada como um parâmetro para se estimar a mineralização de N. Na palha remanescente nas colunas amostradas também foram determinados os teores e as quantidades de C, N e K. A aplicação de nitrogênio acelera a liberação de potássio da palha de café. A lixiviação do potássio, nas camadas superficiais do solo, é proporcional à dose de fertilizante nitrogenado aplicada. Há redução da atividade das enzimas Amidase e L- Asparaginase no solo de acordo com o aumento das doses de nitrato de amônio, com ou sem palha. Porém, a mineralização de nitrogênio da palha não é afetada pela redução da atividade enzimática; além de ser pouco dependente da dose aplicada. Em relação a acidificação do solo em função da aplicação de doses de nitrato de amônio, a aplicação combinada do fertilizante nitrogenado mais 10 toneladas de palha ameniza o efeito acidificante do fertilizante.
There is evidence that the mineralization of coffee husk used as organic fertilizer is slower than desired, thus, the present study aims to estimate N and K mineralization from coffee husks and its turn over to the soil as affected by different levels of ammonium nitrate application. The experiment was carried out in columns with soil in a g reenhouse at Agricultural Sciences College – UNESP - Botucatu – SP. The surface layer (0 - 20 cm) of an sandy loam Oxisol was used on the experiment. It was used coffee husks from dry process; the experiment was carried out by a period of 5 months and at 50 t h , 100 th and 150 th day (the trial ending) were taken off 4 repetitions of each treatment to be assayed. It was estimated N mineralization by applying of the equivalent to 0, 80, 160, 240 and 320 kg of N ha - 1 as ammonium nitrate formulation, in the presence and absence of 10 t ha - 1 of coffee husks. The residues were placed in the soil surface in the columns and N was applied over the residues. Water was added weekly , simulating the total rainfall of 1285 mm , which corresponds to the ten - year average from October to February ( rainy months of highest intensity ) in a major coffee producing region of the state of São Paulo. The total rainfall was divided by 5 months and thus it had the monthly rainfall of 257 mm. This amount of rainfall was divided by 4 applic ations and this way it wa s got the weekly rainfall of 64, 25 mm. The leached solution was collected weekly and analyzed the amount of K. At 50, 100 and 150 day after the experiment starting it were collected soil samples in the columns taken off and analyz ed for N (total , NO 3 - and NH 4 + ) and K contents on depths 0 - 5; 5 - 10;10 - 20 and 20 - 40 cm on the columns ; pH was also analyzed at the sa me depths. On the soil from 0 - 5 c m depth was determined the activity of the enzymes L - Asparaginase and Amidase. Th e activity of these enzymes was used as a tool to estimate N mineralization. The coffee husk remaining on each columns taken off was also analyzed the levels and amounts of C, N and K. The application of nitrogen speeds up the K releasing process from cof fee husks. O n the upper layers , t he K leaching increases as the N levels application also increase. T here is a reduction of L - Asparaginase and Amidase activity on soil according to increase on applying of N levels as ammonium nitrate formulation , with or without coffee husks . However, N mineralization from coffee husk is not affected by enzymatic activity reduction and poorly dependents on N levels applied. Regarding to soil acidification as affected by ammonium nitrate application , the combined applicatio n of this fertilizer plus 10 t of coffee husk reduces the acidifi cation effect of the fertilizer.
There is evidence that the mineralization of coffee husk used as organic fertilizer is slower than desired, thus, the present study aims to estimate N and K mineralization from coffee husks and its turn over to the soil as affected by different levels of ammonium nitrate application. The experiment was carried out in columns with soil in a g reenhouse at Agricultural Sciences College – UNESP - Botucatu – SP. The surface layer (0 - 20 cm) of an sandy loam Oxisol was used on the experiment. It was used coffee husks from dry process; the experiment was carried out by a period of 5 months and at 50 t h , 100 th and 150 th day (the trial ending) were taken off 4 repetitions of each treatment to be assayed. It was estimated N mineralization by applying of the equivalent to 0, 80, 160, 240 and 320 kg of N ha - 1 as ammonium nitrate formulation, in the presence and absence of 10 t ha - 1 of coffee husks. The residues were placed in the soil surface in the columns and N was applied over the residues. Water was added weekly , simulating the total rainfall of 1285 mm , which corresponds to the ten - year average from October to February ( rainy months of highest intensity ) in a major coffee producing region of the state of São Paulo. The total rainfall was divided by 5 months and thus it had the monthly rainfall of 257 mm. This amount of rainfall was divided by 4 applic ations and this way it wa s got the weekly rainfall of 64, 25 mm. The leached solution was collected weekly and analyzed the amount of K. At 50, 100 and 150 day after the experiment starting it were collected soil samples in the columns taken off and analyz ed for N (total , NO 3 - and NH 4 + ) and K contents on depths 0 - 5; 5 - 10;10 - 20 and 20 - 40 cm on the columns ; pH was also analyzed at the sa me depths. On the soil from 0 - 5 c m depth was determined the activity of the enzymes L - Asparaginase and Amidase. Th e activity of these enzymes was used as a tool to estimate N mineralization. The coffee husk remaining on each columns taken off was also analyzed the levels and amounts of C, N and K. The application of nitrogen speeds up the K releasing process from cof fee husks. O n the upper layers , t he K leaching increases as the N levels application also increase. T here is a reduction of L - Asparaginase and Amidase activity on soil according to increase on applying of N levels as ammonium nitrate formulation , with or without coffee husks . However, N mineralization from coffee husk is not affected by enzymatic activity reduction and poorly dependents on N levels applied. Regarding to soil acidification as affected by ammonium nitrate application , the combined applicatio n of this fertilizer plus 10 t of coffee husk reduces the acidifi cation effect of the fertilizer.
Descrição
Dissertação de mestrado defendida na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”
Palavras-chave
Palha de café, Nitrogênio e potássio, Mineralização de nitrogênio, Resíduos orgânicos
Citação
LISBOA, I. P. Liberação de nitrogênio e potássio da palha de café em função da adubação nitrogenada . 2013. 70 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Agronomia) - Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu. 2013