Caracterização de sistemas orgânicos de produção de café utilizados por agricultores familiares em Poço Fundo-MG
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2003-08-13
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Universidade Federal de Lavras
Resumo
Objetivando a caracterização de três agroecossistemas de produção de café orgânico, avaliaram-se as propriedades químicas, físicas e microbiológicas do solo, incidência de pragas e doenças, nutrição das plantas e produtividade. Os agroecossistemas, conduzidos por agricultores familiares, situam-se em Poço Fundo-MG. Esta pesquisa foi conduzida por dois anos, sendo as amostras de solo e folha coletadas nos períodos chuvoso e seco e a determinação da incidência de pragas e doenças, a partir de levantamentos mensais. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições para cada amostra de solo e folha. A amostragem de solo foi realizada em três profundidades (0-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm) para levantamento das propriedades físicas e químicas e a 0- 10 cm para as microbiológicas. A proposta desta pesquisa foi de caracterizar esses agroecossistemas sem interferir na sua forma de manejo, priorizando consolidar o conhecimento local na lógica do sistema de produção. Observou-se que os agroecossistemas apresentaram boa estruturação do solo, provavelmente devido à não mecanização das áreas e à constante reposição de matéria orgânica ao solo. Em relação às propriedades químicas do solo e à nutrição dos cafeeiros pode-se observar que mesmo quando determinados nutrientes do solo apresentaram-se fora do nível adequado para a cultura, a nutrição vegetal estava adequada, como por exemplo, para o B, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, S e Zn. O teor de P, a 0-10 cm no solo, apresentou-se dentro do nível adequado para a cultura, estando abaixo deste nas profundidades 10-20 e 20-40 cm, porém os teores foliares desse nutriente apresentaram-se acima do nível considerado adequado. O teor de K, tanto nas três profundidades do solo quanto nas folhas, apresentou- se abaixo do recomendado. A matéria orgânica do solo apresentou teor médio nas profundidades 0-10 e 10-20 cm e, praticamente, teores baixos na profundidade 20-40 cm. O teor de N foliar manteve-se dentro do nível de adequação. A biomassa de carbono e a taxa de colonização micorrízica não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os agroecossistemas. Quanto à respiração do solo, pode-se constatar que o agroecossistema III apresentou maior atividade microbiana. Em relação aos fungos micorrízicos arbusculares identificados, observou-se maior freqüência dos gêneros Glomus e Paraglomus nos agroecossistemas, sendo que o gênero Acaulospora apresentou maior incidência no agroecossistema II. A infestação por bicho-mineiro ultrapassou 20% no terço superior (principalmente no período seco). A infestação por broca atingiu o nível de dano somente no agroecossistema I em 2001 e no agroecossistema III em 2002. A ferrugem no agroecossistema III não atingiu nível de dano devido à tolerância da cultivar (‘Icatu Amarelo’) à infecção por esse fungo. Porém nos agroecossistemas I e II (‘Catuaí Vermelho’) a infecção na lavoura atingiu elevados níveis. A infecção por cercóspora em folhas e frutos atingiu níveis elevados (período seco) em todos os agroecossistemas. A produtividade do agroecossistema I em 2001 foi de 8,5 sc/ha e em 2002 de 39,0 sc/ha, no agroecossistema II em 2001 foi de 7,0 sc/ha e em 2002 de 21,5 sc/ha e no agroecossistema III foi praticamente zero em 2001 e em 2002 de 33,5 sc/ha.
Having as an aim the characterization of three agricultural ecosystems of organic coffee crop one evaluated the chemical, physical and microbiological properties of the soil, plagues and disease incidence, plant nutrition and field. The agricultural ecosystems carried out by familiar farmers are located in Poço Fundo-MG. This research has been developed for two years and the soil and leaf samples were collected during the rainy and dry periods and the determination of plague and disease incidence from monthly raising. One used an entirely randomized outline with three repetitions for each soil and leaf samples. The soil sampling was performed at three depths (0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm) for raising the physical and chemical properties and at 0-10 cm for the microbiological ones. The proposal of this research was to characterize these agricultural ecosystems without interfering on their way of handling, prioritizing to consolidate the local knowledge in the yield system logics. One observed that the agricultural ecosystems have presented good structure on the soil, most probably due to the non-mechanization of the areas and the frequent replacement of organic material to the soil. Concerning the soil chemical properties and nutrition of the coffee plants one can observe that even when certain soil nutrients have presented to be out of the correct level for the culture, the vegetal nutrition was adequate, as for example, for B, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, S and Zn. The amount of P at 0-10 cm on the soil has presented within the adequate level for the culture, being below these at the depths 10-20 and 20-40 cm, however the foliar amounts of this nutrient have presented to be above the level considered adequate. The amount of K at the three depths of soil as well as in the leaves has presented to be below the recommended. The organic material of the soil has presented medium amount at the depths 0-10 and 10-20 cm and, practically, low amounts at the depth 20-40 cm. The amount of foliar N has remained within the adequate level. The carbon biomass and the rate of micorrizic colonization did not present significative differences among the agricultural ecosystems. From the results of soil respiration it can be inferred that the agricultural ecosystem III has presented greater microbic activity. With relation to the identified arbuscular micorrizic fungi, one observed a greater frequence of the Glomus and Paraglomus types in the agricultural ecosystems, and the type Acaulospora has present greater incidence in the agricultural ecosystem III. The infestation for leaf miner has passed over 20% in the upper third (mainly during the dry period). The infestation by borers has reached the damage level only in the agricultural ecosystem I in 2001 and agricultural ecosystem III in 2002. The leaf rust in agricultural ecosystem III did not reach the damage level due to the tolerance of the cultivar (‘Yellow Icatu’) to the infection by this fungus, however, the agricultural ecosystems I and II (‘Red Catuai’) the infection in the agriculture has reached high levels. The infection for cercospora on leaves and fruits has reached high levels (dry period) in all agricultural ecosystems. The yield of the agricultural ecosystem I in 2001 was of 8,5 sc/ha and in 2002 of 39,0 sc/ha, in the agricultural ecosystem II in 2001 was of 7,0 sc/ha and in 2002 of 21,5 sc/ha and in agricultural ecosystem III was practically zero in 2001 and in 2002 was of 33,5 sc/ha.
Having as an aim the characterization of three agricultural ecosystems of organic coffee crop one evaluated the chemical, physical and microbiological properties of the soil, plagues and disease incidence, plant nutrition and field. The agricultural ecosystems carried out by familiar farmers are located in Poço Fundo-MG. This research has been developed for two years and the soil and leaf samples were collected during the rainy and dry periods and the determination of plague and disease incidence from monthly raising. One used an entirely randomized outline with three repetitions for each soil and leaf samples. The soil sampling was performed at three depths (0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm) for raising the physical and chemical properties and at 0-10 cm for the microbiological ones. The proposal of this research was to characterize these agricultural ecosystems without interfering on their way of handling, prioritizing to consolidate the local knowledge in the yield system logics. One observed that the agricultural ecosystems have presented good structure on the soil, most probably due to the non-mechanization of the areas and the frequent replacement of organic material to the soil. Concerning the soil chemical properties and nutrition of the coffee plants one can observe that even when certain soil nutrients have presented to be out of the correct level for the culture, the vegetal nutrition was adequate, as for example, for B, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, S and Zn. The amount of P at 0-10 cm on the soil has presented within the adequate level for the culture, being below these at the depths 10-20 and 20-40 cm, however the foliar amounts of this nutrient have presented to be above the level considered adequate. The amount of K at the three depths of soil as well as in the leaves has presented to be below the recommended. The organic material of the soil has presented medium amount at the depths 0-10 and 10-20 cm and, practically, low amounts at the depth 20-40 cm. The amount of foliar N has remained within the adequate level. The carbon biomass and the rate of micorrizic colonization did not present significative differences among the agricultural ecosystems. From the results of soil respiration it can be inferred that the agricultural ecosystem III has presented greater microbic activity. With relation to the identified arbuscular micorrizic fungi, one observed a greater frequence of the Glomus and Paraglomus types in the agricultural ecosystems, and the type Acaulospora has present greater incidence in the agricultural ecosystem III. The infestation for leaf miner has passed over 20% in the upper third (mainly during the dry period). The infestation by borers has reached the damage level only in the agricultural ecosystem I in 2001 and agricultural ecosystem III in 2002. The leaf rust in agricultural ecosystem III did not reach the damage level due to the tolerance of the cultivar (‘Yellow Icatu’) to the infection by this fungus, however, the agricultural ecosystems I and II (‘Red Catuai’) the infection in the agriculture has reached high levels. The infection for cercospora on leaves and fruits has reached high levels (dry period) in all agricultural ecosystems. The yield of the agricultural ecosystem I in 2001 was of 8,5 sc/ha and in 2002 of 39,0 sc/ha, in the agricultural ecosystem II in 2001 was of 7,0 sc/ha and in 2002 of 21,5 sc/ha and in agricultural ecosystem III was practically zero in 2001 and in 2002 was of 33,5 sc/ha.
Descrição
Tese de Doutorado defendida na Universidade Federal de Lavras
Palavras-chave
Café orgânico, Agricultura orgânica, Agricultura familiar, Solo, Característica física, química e microbiológica, Praga, Doença, Nutrição vegetal
Citação
MARTINS, M. Caracterização de sistemas orgânicos de produção de café utilizados por agricultores familiares em Poço Fundo-MG. 2003. 190 f. Tese (Doutorado em Agronomia-Fitotecnia) - Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras. 2003.