Recuperação de aromas do café solúvel pelo processo de pervaporação
Data
2015-03-16
Autores
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Editor
Universidade Federal do Paraná
Resumo
Durante o processo de obtenção do café solúvel ocorrem transformações e perdas aromáticas, que modificam quantitativamente e qualitativamente a fração de compostos voláteis. A pervaporação é um processo de separação por membranas que já vem sendo relatado na literatura para a recuperação de aromas de frutas e sucos de frutas, sendo uma alternativa tecnológica para a indústria de café solúvel devido a não necessidade de adição de compostos químicos e operação em temperaturas amenas. Neste contexto o objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um processo de pervaporação para recuperação de aromas provenientes de uma solução industrial do café solúvel. Para esta finalidade foi desenvolvida uma unidade experimental do processo de pervaporação para a recuperação de aromas e um estudo sistemático do processo foi realizado. Para esta finalidade, foi utilizada uma membrana polimérica de PDMS densa. Foi utilizado um extrato aquoso da linha industrial de café solúvel, do qual foram escolhidos oito compostos com as maiores concentrações e com características positivas e negativas quanto ao odor para serem avaliados. Foram investigadas a influência da vazão, da temperatura e da pressão de permeado em regime permanente, e o comportamento do processo regime transiente. Um modelo fenomenológico em regime transiente foi desenvolvido baseado no modelo de sorção-difusão e ajustado aos dados experimentais com estimação das permeâncias dos compostos. Os resultados em regime permanente indicaram que nas vazões estudadas não houve efeito da camada limite de alimentação. Além disso, o fluxo de permeado aumentou com a temperatura e foram obtidos maiores fatores de enriquecimento em temperaturas intermediárias. Valores de permeância foram estimados por um ajuste não linear da equação de Arrhenius aos dados experimentais com resultados satisfatórios. Para o efeito da pressão, os compostos obtiveram maior seletividade em pressões intermediárias, com destaque para a 2,3-butanodiona e 2,5- dimetil pirazina. Com base neste fato, a melhor condição de operação da unidade para a recuperação dos aromas do café solúvel em regime permanente foi de 20°C, 1800 Pa e 1,5 L/min. Os resultados em regime transiente mostraram que as frações molares aumentam com a temperatura caracterizando uma seletividade governada pela difusão. Os compostos 2,3-butanodiona, furfural e 2,5-dimetil pirazina apresentaram a maior concentração na temperatura intermediária (303 K), possivelmente devido ao efeito de degradação. Para o efeito da pressão, a maior concentração dos compostos de aromas ocorreu na pressão de 1800 Pa. O modelo desenvolvido ajustou-se bem aos dados experimentais em regime transiente e apresentou uma estimativa do comportamento das frações molares da alimentação e retentado do processo de pervaporação ao longo do tempo.
During the soluble coffee processing, transformations and losses of aroma compounds may occur, which quantitatively and qualitatively change the fraction of volatile compounds. Pervaporation is a membrane separation processes that has already been reported in the literature for recovery of aroma compounds from fruits and fruit juices, and is an interesting alternative to soluble coffee industry since it does no need chemicals addition and operation at lower temperatures. In this context, the main objective of this work was the development of a pervaporation process for recovery of aroma compounds from soluble coffee. For this purpose, an experimental unit for aroma recovery was developed and a systematic study of pervaporation process was performed. A polymeric PDMS dense membrane was used. An aqueous extract from industrial line of instant coffee was used, from which eight compounds were chosen with high concentration and with positive and negative characteristics about the odor for evaluation. The influence of feed flow rate, feed temperature and permeate pressure was investigated in steady state, and the behavior of the process in unsteady state. A phenomenological model in unsteady state was developed based on the solution-diffusion model and fitted to the experimental data with estimation of compounds permeances. The results indicated that on steady state pervaporation the range of feed flow rates studied presented no effect of liquid boundary layer. Furthermore, the permeation flux increased with temperature and the highest enrichment factors were obtained at intermediate temperatures. Permeances were estimated by non-linear fit of Arrhenius equation to the experimental data with satisfactory results. For the effect of pressure, the aroma compounds had higher selectivity at intermediate pressures, especially the 2,3-butanedione and 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine. Based on this fact, the best unit operating condition for the recovery of soluble coffee aromas in steady state was 20 ° C, 1800 Pa and 1.5 L / min. The results in unsteady state showed that the mole fractions increase with temperature featuring a selectivity governed by diffusion. The compounds 2,3-butanedione, furfural and 2,5- dimethyl pyrazine achieved the highest concentration in the intermediate temperature (303 K), possibly due to the effect of molecule decomposition. For the effect of pressure, the highest concentration of aroma compounds occurred at 1800 Pa. The developed model fitted well the experimental data in unsteady state operation and predicted the behavior of the molar fractions of the feed and retentate of pervaporation process over time.
During the soluble coffee processing, transformations and losses of aroma compounds may occur, which quantitatively and qualitatively change the fraction of volatile compounds. Pervaporation is a membrane separation processes that has already been reported in the literature for recovery of aroma compounds from fruits and fruit juices, and is an interesting alternative to soluble coffee industry since it does no need chemicals addition and operation at lower temperatures. In this context, the main objective of this work was the development of a pervaporation process for recovery of aroma compounds from soluble coffee. For this purpose, an experimental unit for aroma recovery was developed and a systematic study of pervaporation process was performed. A polymeric PDMS dense membrane was used. An aqueous extract from industrial line of instant coffee was used, from which eight compounds were chosen with high concentration and with positive and negative characteristics about the odor for evaluation. The influence of feed flow rate, feed temperature and permeate pressure was investigated in steady state, and the behavior of the process in unsteady state. A phenomenological model in unsteady state was developed based on the solution-diffusion model and fitted to the experimental data with estimation of compounds permeances. The results indicated that on steady state pervaporation the range of feed flow rates studied presented no effect of liquid boundary layer. Furthermore, the permeation flux increased with temperature and the highest enrichment factors were obtained at intermediate temperatures. Permeances were estimated by non-linear fit of Arrhenius equation to the experimental data with satisfactory results. For the effect of pressure, the aroma compounds had higher selectivity at intermediate pressures, especially the 2,3-butanedione and 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine. Based on this fact, the best unit operating condition for the recovery of soluble coffee aromas in steady state was 20 ° C, 1800 Pa and 1.5 L / min. The results in unsteady state showed that the mole fractions increase with temperature featuring a selectivity governed by diffusion. The compounds 2,3-butanedione, furfural and 2,5- dimethyl pyrazine achieved the highest concentration in the intermediate temperature (303 K), possibly due to the effect of molecule decomposition. For the effect of pressure, the highest concentration of aroma compounds occurred at 1800 Pa. The developed model fitted well the experimental data in unsteady state operation and predicted the behavior of the molar fractions of the feed and retentate of pervaporation process over time.
Descrição
Tese de Doutorado defendida na Universidade Federal do Paraná.
Palavras-chave
Regime transiente, Café solúvel, Estimação de parâmetros, Modelagem matemática, Recuperação aromática, Pervaporação
Citação
WESCHENFELDER, T. A. Recuperação de aromas do café solúvel pelo processo de pervaporação. 2015. 130 f. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia de Alimentos) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba. 2015.