Respostas fisiológicas de cultivares de Coffea arabica, em função da disponibilidade de luz e nitrogênio
Data
2014-11-25
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Editor
Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
A compreensão dos detalhes que governam o espectro econômico das plantas sob diferentes ambientes é um dos principais objetivos dos estudos atuais em ecologia vegetal, por ser necessária aos modelos preditivos de fluxo de nutrientes e limites vegetacionais em função de alterações nas condições ambientais. A alocação de fotoassimilados e de minerais absorvidos em diferentes compostos químicos influencia diretamente o crescimento e os custos de construção e de manutenção dos tecidos das plantas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo detectar possíveis estratégias diferenciais de uso da radiação solar em cultivares de Coffea arabica tradicionalmente cultivadas em ambientes luminosos distintos, assim como os padrões de alocação de recursos entre crescimento e defesa em plantas submetidas a diferentes disponibilidades de nitrogênio e luz. A cultivar KP, com genótipo de ambiente sombreado, apresentou sempre características funcionais morfológicas mais ajustadas ao sombreamento que aquelas exibidas por Catuaí, cultivar selecionada para plantio a pleno sol. Valores de V cmax , J max e A max indicam capacidades fotossintéticas potenciais similares entre as cultivares, quando sob condições não-limitantes de luz e/ou CO 2 . Os dados obtidos indicam que o ambiente de cultivo foi mais determinante nas características de trocas gasosas das cultivares que seu histórico evolutivo, com efeito mais marcante da disponibilidade de nitrogênio que do ambiente luminoso nas características potenciais (medidas sob condições não limitantes) e efeitos similares de ambos os fatores nas condições efetivas de cultivo. Cerca de 60% do nitrogênio foliar das plantas avaliadas esteve alocado em componentes estruturais, dentro dos quais contabilizam-se os compostos de defesa nitrogenados, como alcalóides e metilxantinas. O dreno de nitrogênio para a síntese desses compostos, associadas às baixas taxas de assimilação de carbono decorrentes de limitações difusivas levariam à baixas PNUEs como característica constitutiva da espécie, independentemente das condições ambientais. Observaram-se maiores custos de construção nas plantas a pleno sol que nas sombreadas, positivamente correlacionados à síntese de metilxantinas e fenóis solúveis totais, que poderiam explicar a diferença observada. Os diferentes contextos evolutivos das cultivares avaliadas resultaram em genótipos capazes de se manifestar de forma diferenciada às variações ambientais, principalmente na magnitude das respostas (plasticidade), não sendo observadas tendências diferenciadas na síntese de grupos de compostos químicos e características morfofisiológicas. As características ecofisiológicas diferenciais entre as cultivares seriam fortemente explicadas pelas diferentes arquiteturas de copa, que resultam em diferentes intensidades de interceptação da irradiância pelas folhas.
Understanding the details that govern the economic spectrum of plants under different environments is a key goal of the current studies in plant ecology, being necessary to predictive models of nutrient flow and vegetation boundaries due to changes in environmental conditions. The allocation of photosynthate and absorbed mineral in different chemical compounds directly influences the growth and the costs of construction and maintenance of plant tissue. This study aimed to detect differential strategies of solar radiation use in Coffea arabica cultivars traditionally grown in different light environments, as well as the resource allocation patterns between growth and defense in plants in response to different availabilities of nitrogen and light. The KP cultivar, with shaded environment genotype, always presented morphological functional traits more adjusted to shade than those displayed by Catuaí cultivar, selected for planting in full sun. V cmax , J max and A max values indicate similar potential photosynthetic capacity for the cultivars when under non-limiting conditions of light and/or CO 2 . The data indicated that plant growth environment was more decisive in gas exchange traits than the cultivars evolutionary history, with more marked effect of the availability of nitrogen than the light environment on the potential characteristics (measured under non-limiting conditions), and similar effects of both factors on actual growing conditions. About 60% of the evaluated plants’ foliar nitrogen was allocated to structural componentes, which accounts the nitrogen defense compounds, as alkaloids and methylxanthines. Nitrogen drain for the synthesis of these compounds, associated with low carbon assimilation rates due to diffusive limitations, would lead to lower PNUEs as a constituent characteristic of the species, regardless of environmental conditions. We observed higher construction costs in the full sun plants than in shaded ones, positively correlated to the synthesis of methylxanthines and total soluble phenols, which could explain the observed difference. The different evolutionary contexts of the cultivars resulted in genotypes able to manifest differently to environmental changes, especially in the magnitude of responses (plasticity), whith no differentiated trends in the synthesis of chemicals groups and morphophysiological characteristics. The diferences in ecophysiological features among cultivars were strongly explained by the different canopy’s architectures, which result in different intensities of irradiance interception by leaves.
Understanding the details that govern the economic spectrum of plants under different environments is a key goal of the current studies in plant ecology, being necessary to predictive models of nutrient flow and vegetation boundaries due to changes in environmental conditions. The allocation of photosynthate and absorbed mineral in different chemical compounds directly influences the growth and the costs of construction and maintenance of plant tissue. This study aimed to detect differential strategies of solar radiation use in Coffea arabica cultivars traditionally grown in different light environments, as well as the resource allocation patterns between growth and defense in plants in response to different availabilities of nitrogen and light. The KP cultivar, with shaded environment genotype, always presented morphological functional traits more adjusted to shade than those displayed by Catuaí cultivar, selected for planting in full sun. V cmax , J max and A max values indicate similar potential photosynthetic capacity for the cultivars when under non-limiting conditions of light and/or CO 2 . The data indicated that plant growth environment was more decisive in gas exchange traits than the cultivars evolutionary history, with more marked effect of the availability of nitrogen than the light environment on the potential characteristics (measured under non-limiting conditions), and similar effects of both factors on actual growing conditions. About 60% of the evaluated plants’ foliar nitrogen was allocated to structural componentes, which accounts the nitrogen defense compounds, as alkaloids and methylxanthines. Nitrogen drain for the synthesis of these compounds, associated with low carbon assimilation rates due to diffusive limitations, would lead to lower PNUEs as a constituent characteristic of the species, regardless of environmental conditions. We observed higher construction costs in the full sun plants than in shaded ones, positively correlated to the synthesis of methylxanthines and total soluble phenols, which could explain the observed difference. The different evolutionary contexts of the cultivars resulted in genotypes able to manifest differently to environmental changes, especially in the magnitude of responses (plasticity), whith no differentiated trends in the synthesis of chemicals groups and morphophysiological characteristics. The diferences in ecophysiological features among cultivars were strongly explained by the different canopy’s architectures, which result in different intensities of irradiance interception by leaves.
Descrição
Tese de Doutorado defendida na Universidade Federal de Viçosa.
Palavras-chave
Fisiologia vegetal, Coffea arabica, Plantas Efeito do Nitrogênio, Plantas - Efeito da radiação
Citação
GODOY, A. G. Respostas fisiológicas de cultivares de Coffea arabica, em função da disponibilidade de luz e nitrogênio. 2014. 55 f. Tese (Doutorado em Fisiologia Vegetal) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG. 2014.