Efeitos dos custos de transporte e das barreiras comerciais no comercio internacional de café verde.
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Data
2009
Autores
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
O café, por ser um produto amplamente demandado em todo o mundo, possui grande destaque no comércio internacional. Todavia, assim como em outros produtos agrícolas, os produtores de café estão sujeitos a elevados gastos relacionados com o transporte do grão e com as barreiras comerciais, fatores estes que restringem as suas exportações. Assim, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos que os custos de transporte e as barreiras comerciais têm sobre o comércio internacional de café verde do Brasil e dos principais países exportadores. O referencial teórico utilizado baseou-se em teorias do comércio internacional que explicam os custos de transporte e as barreiras comerciais, no modelo de Heckscher-Ohlin (HO) e nos de retornos crescentes à escala e vantagens comparativas. As ferramentas utilizadas como referencial analítico serviram-se de funções de custos de transporte e da abordagem de modelos de gravidade. Os resultados corroboraram as expectativas de que as variáveis geográficas distância e ausência de litoral afetam, de maneira positiva, os custos de transporte do café verde. Por meio de uma análise descritiva das políticas comerciais, tarifas e notificações TBT e SPS que incidiram sobre o comércio internacional de café verde, foi possível verificar que essas variáveis ainda se fazem presentes de forma considerável em tal comércio, apesar de número significativo de importadores não as adotarem. Conforme o esperado, observaram-se que tanto as tarifas ad valorem quanto às notificações possuíam relação inversa com as exportações brasileiras e mundiais do café. Foram, ainda, mensurados os equivalentes tarifários das notificações TBT e SPS que houve no período entre 2000 e 2006. As estimativas encontradas apontaram que, caso as referidas notificações pudessem ser quantificadas como tarifas ao comércio, suas taxas ad valorem seriam correspondentes a 25,06% e 25,11%, respectivamente, para cada um dos modelos que avaliaram as exportações brasileiras e, a 1,05% e 1,76% para as exportações conjuntas dos cinco principais países exportadores de café (Brasil, Colômbia, Vietnã, Guatemala e Indonésia). Com base nesses resultados e naqueles relativos aos custos de transporte, pode-se concluir que tais fatores atingiram consideravelmente o comércio internacional de café verde e se configuraram como barreiras a esse comércio internacional. Quanto às notificações aos Acordos TBT e SPS aplicados sobre as exportações do produto em análise, observaram-se que estas também se caracterizaram como barreiras comerciais, apesar de que poderiam ter contribuído para a expansão do comércio, já que permitem a padronização do produto de acordo com normas técnicas e sanitárias adequadas e necessárias. Enfim, os resultados encontrados neste estudo permitem avaliações quantitativas e melhor compreensão dos efeitos que os custos de transporte e as barreiras comerciais possuem sobre o comércio internacional de café verde. Por consequência, colaboram para o direcionamento de ações que visam minimizar as perdas decorrentes desses fatores no comércio exterior do setor cafeeiro.
The coffee, for being product used all over the world, it possesses great prominence in the international trade. Though, as well as in other agricultural products, the producing of coffee are subject to high expenses related with the transport of the grain and with trade barriers, factors that restrict their exports. Like this, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the transport costs and commercial barriers effects on the green coffee international trade of Brazil and of the main countries exporters. The used theoretical reference based on theories of the international trade that explain the transport costs and the trade barriers, in the model of Heckscher-Ohlin (HO) and in the models of growing returns to the scale and comparative advantages. The tools used as analytical reference were functions of transport costs and of the approach of gravity models. The results corroborated the expectations that the variables geographical, distance and coast absence, affect in a positive way the green coffee transport costs. Through a descriptive analysis of the commercial politics, tariffs and notifications TBT and SPS that happened on the green coffee international trade, was possible to verify that the same ones are still made presents in a considerable way in such trade, in spite of a significant number of importers they adopt not them. As the expected, was observed that so much the tariffs ad valorem, as for the notifications they possessed inverse relationship with the Brazilian and world coffee exports. They were, still, measured the equivalent ones tariff of the notifications TBT and SPS, that there was in the period between 2000 and 2006. The found estimates pointed that, if them referred notifications could be quantified as tariffs to the trade, their taxes ad valorem would be corresponding to 25.06% and 25.11%, respectively, for each one of the models that evaluated the Brazilian exports and, 1.05% and 1.76%, for the five main green coffee exporters of world (Brazil, Colombia, Vietnam, Guatemala and Indonesia). With base in these results and in the relative ones at the transport costs, it can be concluded that such factors reached the green coffee international trade considerably and they were configured as barriers to this international trade. As for the notifications to the Agreement TBT and applied SPS about the exports of the product in analysis, they were observed that these were also characterized as commercial barriers, although they could have contributed to the expansion of the trade, since they allow the standardization of the product in agreement with appropriate and necessary technical and sanitary norms. Finally, the results found in this study allow quantitative evaluations and better understanding of the effects that the costs of transports and the commercial barriers possess on the international trade of green coffee. For consequence, they collaborate for actions that seek to minimize the current losses of these factors in the external trade of the coffee section.
The coffee, for being product used all over the world, it possesses great prominence in the international trade. Though, as well as in other agricultural products, the producing of coffee are subject to high expenses related with the transport of the grain and with trade barriers, factors that restrict their exports. Like this, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the transport costs and commercial barriers effects on the green coffee international trade of Brazil and of the main countries exporters. The used theoretical reference based on theories of the international trade that explain the transport costs and the trade barriers, in the model of Heckscher-Ohlin (HO) and in the models of growing returns to the scale and comparative advantages. The tools used as analytical reference were functions of transport costs and of the approach of gravity models. The results corroborated the expectations that the variables geographical, distance and coast absence, affect in a positive way the green coffee transport costs. Through a descriptive analysis of the commercial politics, tariffs and notifications TBT and SPS that happened on the green coffee international trade, was possible to verify that the same ones are still made presents in a considerable way in such trade, in spite of a significant number of importers they adopt not them. As the expected, was observed that so much the tariffs ad valorem, as for the notifications they possessed inverse relationship with the Brazilian and world coffee exports. They were, still, measured the equivalent ones tariff of the notifications TBT and SPS, that there was in the period between 2000 and 2006. The found estimates pointed that, if them referred notifications could be quantified as tariffs to the trade, their taxes ad valorem would be corresponding to 25.06% and 25.11%, respectively, for each one of the models that evaluated the Brazilian exports and, 1.05% and 1.76%, for the five main green coffee exporters of world (Brazil, Colombia, Vietnam, Guatemala and Indonesia). With base in these results and in the relative ones at the transport costs, it can be concluded that such factors reached the green coffee international trade considerably and they were configured as barriers to this international trade. As for the notifications to the Agreement TBT and applied SPS about the exports of the product in analysis, they were observed that these were also characterized as commercial barriers, although they could have contributed to the expansion of the trade, since they allow the standardization of the product in agreement with appropriate and necessary technical and sanitary norms. Finally, the results found in this study allow quantitative evaluations and better understanding of the effects that the costs of transports and the commercial barriers possess on the international trade of green coffee. For consequence, they collaborate for actions that seek to minimize the current losses of these factors in the external trade of the coffee section.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado defendida na Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Palavras-chave
Café verde Custo de transporte Barreiras comerciais Comércio internacional, Green coffee Transport costs Trade barriers comerciais Internacional trade
Citação
Almeida, Fernanda Maria. Efeitos dos custos de transporte e das barreiras comerciais no comercio internacional de café verde. Viçosa, 2009. 85p.:il. Dissertação (Mestrado em Economia Aplicada). Orientador: Marília Fernandes Maciel Gomes. T 338.17373 A447e 2009