Tiametoxam em plantas de cana-de-açúcar, feijoeiro, soja, laranjeira e cafeeiro: parâmetros de desenvolvimento e aspectos bioquímicos
Data
2010
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Editor
Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” - Universidade de São Paulo
Resumo
Inseticidas e fungicidas geralmente são estudados quanto a sua eficiência no controle de pragas e doenças, entretanto podem provocar efeitos fisiológicos pouco conhecidos capazes de influenciar o desenvolvimento das culturas. O tiametoxam é um inseticida sistêmico do grupo dos neonicotinóides, da família nitroguanidina, que atua no receptor nicotínico acetilcolina de insetos, danificando o sistema nervoso dos mesmos, levando-os à morte. Este inseticida, largamente utilizado no controle de pragas iniciais e insetos sugadores, apresenta efeito bioativador, uma vez que mesmo na ausência da pragas, promove aumento em vigor e desenvolvimento nas plantas tratadas. Acredita-se que os efeitos do tiametoxam em plantas são indiretos, pois atuam na expressão dos genes responsáveis pela síntese e ativação de enzimas metabólicas, relacionadas ao crescimento da planta, alterando a produção de aminoácidos e precursores de hormônios vegetais. Existem alguns trabalhos com tiametoxam com o objetivo de verificar seus efeitos no metabolismo e desenvolvimento das plantas, mas os resultados ainda não são claros, evidenciando forte interação entre cultivares, épocas, condições de estresse e disponibilidade de nutrientes. Em função da grande utilização do inseticida tiametoxam na agricultura brasileira, o estudo deste agroquímico, no sentido de alterar o metabolismo e desenvolvimento de plantas, constitui-se de grande importância na agregação de informações à literatura biológica e agronômica. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar o efeito da aplicação de tiametoxam em plantas de cana-de-açúcar, feijoeiro, soja, laranjeira e cafeeiro, em diferentes doses e formas de aplicação (tratamento de sementes, pulverização foliar e aplicação no solo), sobre parâmetros de desenvolvimento (área foliar, massa seca de folhas e raízes, comprimento radicular) e aspectos bioquímicos (teores foliares de nutrientes e atividade enzimática). Os experimentos foram realizados em vasos, no Horto Experimental do Departamento de Ciências Biológicas da ESALQ/USP. Concluiu-se que a aplicação de tiametoxam em pulverização foliar, em cana-de- açúcar, aumenta a área foliar e o comprimento das raízes, amplia a espessura do córtex da raiz, incrementa o diâmetro do cilindro vascular e aumenta o número de metaxilemas; em feijoeiro, em tratamento de sementes, aumenta a área foliar, a massa seca da parte aérea e a atividade da nitrato redutase em folhas e em pulverização foliar aumenta a atividade da nitrato redutase e a atividade da fenilalanina amônia-liase em folhas; em soja, em tratamento de sementes, aumenta a área foliar, massa seca e comprimento das raízes e os teores foliares de cálcio e magnésio, e em pulverização foliar, reduz os teores de fósforo e cálcio, mas aumenta os teores de potássio; em mudas de laranjeira, aplicado no solo, aumenta a área foliar, a massa seca das folhas, a massa seca do caule e ramos e a área foliar média, mas reduz os teores foliares de nitrogênio, fósforo e enxofre; em mudas de café arábica, aplicado na raiz, aumenta o número de folhas, a massa seca de raízes finas e o comprimento das raízes.
Insecticides and fungicides are often studied to their efficiency in controlling pests and diseases, however can cause physiological effects little known that can affect crop growth. Thiamethoxan is a systemic insecticide from the neonicotinoid group, nitroguanidine family, which acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of insects, damaging their nervous system, leading them to death. This insecticide, that is widely used for controlling pests and sucking insects, has bioactivator effect, since even in the absence of pests, promotes an increase in vigor and development in treated plants. It is believed that the effects of thiamethoxan in plants are indirect, because it acts in the genes expression responsible for metabolic enzymes activation and synthesis, related to plant growth, by modifying amino acids and plant hormones precursors production. There is a number of studies with thiamethoxan in the way to determine the effects on metabolism and development of plants, but the results are not clear, showing strong interaction between cultivars, stress conditions and nutrient availability. Due to the wide use of the insecticide thiamethoxan in Brazilian agriculture, the study of this insecticide in order to know the metabolism changes in the plants, brings a great importance in the collection of knowledge to the agronomic and biological literature. The objectives of this study was to evaluate the effect of thiamethoxan on sugar cane, common beans, soy, orange and coffee plants with different doses and forms of application (seed treatment, foliar spray and soil application) on developmental parameters (leaf area, dry mass of leaves and roots, root length) and biochemical aspects (nutrient content and enzymatic activity). The experiments were conducted in pots in the ESALQ / USP, Experimental Field of Biological Sciences Department. It was concluded that the application of thiamethoxan as foliar spray on sugar cane, increases leaf area and root length, increases the thickness of the cortex of the root, increases the diameter of the vascular cylinder and increases the number of vessels; in bean for seed treatment, increases the leaf area, dry mass of shoots and the activity of nitrate reductase in leaves, and foliar spray increases the activity of nitrate reductase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in leaves; in soybean, in seeds treatment, increases leaf area, dry weight of roots, root length and foliar calcium and magnesium, and foliar spray, reduces the amount of phosphorus and calcium, but increased levels of potassium; in orange trees, applicated on the soil, increases the leaf area, leaf area average, leaves dry mass, stems and branches dry mass, but reduces the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur in the leaf; in arabica coffee seedlings, applied at the root, increases the number of leaves, fine roots dry mass and length of roots.
Insecticides and fungicides are often studied to their efficiency in controlling pests and diseases, however can cause physiological effects little known that can affect crop growth. Thiamethoxan is a systemic insecticide from the neonicotinoid group, nitroguanidine family, which acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of insects, damaging their nervous system, leading them to death. This insecticide, that is widely used for controlling pests and sucking insects, has bioactivator effect, since even in the absence of pests, promotes an increase in vigor and development in treated plants. It is believed that the effects of thiamethoxan in plants are indirect, because it acts in the genes expression responsible for metabolic enzymes activation and synthesis, related to plant growth, by modifying amino acids and plant hormones precursors production. There is a number of studies with thiamethoxan in the way to determine the effects on metabolism and development of plants, but the results are not clear, showing strong interaction between cultivars, stress conditions and nutrient availability. Due to the wide use of the insecticide thiamethoxan in Brazilian agriculture, the study of this insecticide in order to know the metabolism changes in the plants, brings a great importance in the collection of knowledge to the agronomic and biological literature. The objectives of this study was to evaluate the effect of thiamethoxan on sugar cane, common beans, soy, orange and coffee plants with different doses and forms of application (seed treatment, foliar spray and soil application) on developmental parameters (leaf area, dry mass of leaves and roots, root length) and biochemical aspects (nutrient content and enzymatic activity). The experiments were conducted in pots in the ESALQ / USP, Experimental Field of Biological Sciences Department. It was concluded that the application of thiamethoxan as foliar spray on sugar cane, increases leaf area and root length, increases the thickness of the cortex of the root, increases the diameter of the vascular cylinder and increases the number of vessels; in bean for seed treatment, increases the leaf area, dry mass of shoots and the activity of nitrate reductase in leaves, and foliar spray increases the activity of nitrate reductase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in leaves; in soybean, in seeds treatment, increases leaf area, dry weight of roots, root length and foliar calcium and magnesium, and foliar spray, reduces the amount of phosphorus and calcium, but increased levels of potassium; in orange trees, applicated on the soil, increases the leaf area, leaf area average, leaves dry mass, stems and branches dry mass, but reduces the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur in the leaf; in arabica coffee seedlings, applied at the root, increases the number of leaves, fine roots dry mass and length of roots.
Descrição
Tese de doutorado defendida na Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” - Universidade de São Paulo
Palavras-chave
Bioquímica vegetal, Cana-de-açúcar, Desenvolvimento vegetal, Feijão, Inseticidas sistêmicos, Laranja, Reguladores de crescimento vegeta, Soja
Citação
PEREIRA, M. A. Tiametoxam em plantas de cana-de-açúcar, feijoeiro, soja, laranjeira e cafeeiro: parâmetros de desenvolvimento e aspectos bioquímicos. 2010. 124 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências) - Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba. 2010.