Variabilidade genética e caracterização química de acessos de café conilon em sistema de cultivo irrigado no Cerrado
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2016-05-31
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Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária - Universidade de Brasília
Resumo
Dentre as diversas espécies introduzidas nos Cerrados, o café vem apresentando um bom desempenho, principalmente quando sob irrigação. Além das áreas propícias para o cultivo com café arabica, o Cerrado possui áreas potenciais para o cultivo do café conilon, pois este é mais tolerante a altas temperaturas. Por outro lado, o café conilon tem sua limitação nas baixas temperaturas em áreas de maior altitude, porém, a sua grande diversidade genética e adaptação sugere que esta espécie possa ser cultivada com sucesso no ambiente do Cerrado. O café conilon é largamente utilizado na indústria de café solúvel, por apresentar maior teor de sólidos solúveis, e quando de boa qualidade se torna um componente de grande relevância em blends com café arábica. Nesse sentido, este trabalho objetivou-se primeiramente quantificar e caracterizar a variabilidade genética de 213 acessos de café conilon, com base em seis caracteres químicos, além de selecionar genótipos com características químicas desejáveis de qualidade superior. Posteriormente, outro objetivo foi selecionar 84 genótipos, dentre os 213, para a caracterização e estimativa de parâmetros genéticos no ano seguinte, além da caracterização quanto ao tipo e tamanho dos grãos. Os experimentos foram realizados durante os anos de 2014 e 2015, no Laboratório de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos da Embrapa Cerrados, utilizando os grãos crus advindos de frutos maduros de genótipos da coleção desta unidade da Embrapa, oriundos de cruzamentos naturais da cultivar Robusta Tropical (EMCAPA 8151) em um campo experimental do Incaper-ES. A coleção foi plantada no campo experimental da unidade da Embrapa Cerrados, em Planaltina, Distrito Federal, situado a 15o35’57’’ de latitude Sul, 47o42’38’’ de longitude Oeste e à altitude de 1.007 m, irrigada por pivô central, com espaçamento de 3,5 m entre linhas e 1,0 m entre plantas, sem repetição, portanto, sem delineamento experimental. Foram avaliados os teores de cafeína, proteína, sólidos solúveis totais (SST), extrato etéreo (EE), pH e acidez titulável total dos grãos crus enquanto a classificação por tipo e tamanho foram categorizados em chato graúdo, chato médio, chato miúdo e moca. Foi realizada análise de componentes principais (ACP), a dispersão gráfica dos acessos em relação aos dois primeiros componentes e em relação ao primeiro e terceiro, além da matriz de distância genética a partir dos escores dos genótipos em relação aos dois primeiros componentes da ACP. Foi constatada variabilidade genética entre os acessos, sendo que os materiais mais divergentes foram CPAC 160 e CPAC 32. Os dados de caracteres químicos obtidos dos 84 genótipos avaliados em dois anos foram submetidos à análise de variância conjunta e as médias foram agrupadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott. Foram verificadas diferenças significativas a 1% entre os acessos para todas as características químicas avaliadas. Os altos valores de coeficiente de variação genética e de herdabilidade para todos os caracteres, exceto pH, indicaram a existência de variabilidade genética. O genótipo CPAC 171 se mostrou promissor em relação às características proteína, extrato etéreo, SST e acidez titulável total, enquanto o genótipo CPAC 235 se revelou promissor para o tipo e tamanho de grãos.
Among the various species introduced in the Cerrado, coffee has shown a good performance, especially when under irrigation. In addition to the areas suitable for cultivation with arabica coffee, the Cerrado has potential areas for cultivation of conilon coffee as it is more tolerant to high temperatures. On the other hand, the conilon coffee has its limitations in low temperatures in higher altitude areas, however, its wide genetic diversity and adaptation suggests that this species can be successfully grown in the Cerrado environment. The conilon coffee is widely used in the instant coffee industry, due to its higher content of soluble solids, and it is a very important component in blends with arabica coffee. Therefore, this study aimed to first quantify and characterize the genetic variability of 213 conilon coffee accessions, based on six chemical characters, and select genotypes with desirable chemical characteristics of superior quality. Later, another objective was to select 84 genotypes among the 213, to characterize and estimate genetic parameters in the following year, and have been characterized as the type and size of the grains. The experiments were performed during the years 2014 and 2015 in the Food Science Technology Lab of the Embrapa Cerrados, using the raw grains coming from genotype’s ripe fruit from the collection of this Embrapa’s unit, arising from natural crossing of the cultivar Robusta Tropical (EMCAPA 8151) in an experimental field at Incaper. The collection was planted in the experimental field of Embrapa Cerrados in Planaltina, Federal District, located at 15o35'57'' south latitude, 47o42'38'' longitude West and the altitude of 1.007 m, in a irrigated system by center pivot, with spacing of 3.5 m between rows and 1.0 m between plants, without repetition, so no experimental design. The chemical characteristics of the raw beans evaluated were: caffeine content, protein, total soluble solids, ether extract, pH and titratable acidity, as the classification by type and size were categorized into chato grande, chato médio, chato miúdo e moca. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed, the graphical dispersion of scores in the first two components and for the first and third as well, besides the genetic distance matrix from the scores of genotypes in the first two components of the PCA. It has been found genetic variability among accessions and the most divergent materials were CPAC 160 and 32. The data obtained from 84 genotypes in two years were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were grouped by the Scott-Knott test. Significant differences at 1% were found between accessions to all evaluated chemical characteristics. The high values of variation genetic coefficient and heritability for all characters except pH, indicated the existence of genetic variability, with the possibility of obtaining genetic gains with selection. The CPAC 171 genotype showed promise in relation to the chemical characteristics like titratable acidity, protein, lipids and soluble solids content while CPAC 235 genotype proved promising for the type and grain size.
Among the various species introduced in the Cerrado, coffee has shown a good performance, especially when under irrigation. In addition to the areas suitable for cultivation with arabica coffee, the Cerrado has potential areas for cultivation of conilon coffee as it is more tolerant to high temperatures. On the other hand, the conilon coffee has its limitations in low temperatures in higher altitude areas, however, its wide genetic diversity and adaptation suggests that this species can be successfully grown in the Cerrado environment. The conilon coffee is widely used in the instant coffee industry, due to its higher content of soluble solids, and it is a very important component in blends with arabica coffee. Therefore, this study aimed to first quantify and characterize the genetic variability of 213 conilon coffee accessions, based on six chemical characters, and select genotypes with desirable chemical characteristics of superior quality. Later, another objective was to select 84 genotypes among the 213, to characterize and estimate genetic parameters in the following year, and have been characterized as the type and size of the grains. The experiments were performed during the years 2014 and 2015 in the Food Science Technology Lab of the Embrapa Cerrados, using the raw grains coming from genotype’s ripe fruit from the collection of this Embrapa’s unit, arising from natural crossing of the cultivar Robusta Tropical (EMCAPA 8151) in an experimental field at Incaper. The collection was planted in the experimental field of Embrapa Cerrados in Planaltina, Federal District, located at 15o35'57'' south latitude, 47o42'38'' longitude West and the altitude of 1.007 m, in a irrigated system by center pivot, with spacing of 3.5 m between rows and 1.0 m between plants, without repetition, so no experimental design. The chemical characteristics of the raw beans evaluated were: caffeine content, protein, total soluble solids, ether extract, pH and titratable acidity, as the classification by type and size were categorized into chato grande, chato médio, chato miúdo e moca. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed, the graphical dispersion of scores in the first two components and for the first and third as well, besides the genetic distance matrix from the scores of genotypes in the first two components of the PCA. It has been found genetic variability among accessions and the most divergent materials were CPAC 160 and 32. The data obtained from 84 genotypes in two years were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were grouped by the Scott-Knott test. Significant differences at 1% were found between accessions to all evaluated chemical characteristics. The high values of variation genetic coefficient and heritability for all characters except pH, indicated the existence of genetic variability, with the possibility of obtaining genetic gains with selection. The CPAC 171 genotype showed promise in relation to the chemical characteristics like titratable acidity, protein, lipids and soluble solids content while CPAC 235 genotype proved promising for the type and grain size.
Descrição
Dissertação de mestrado defendida na Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária - Universidade de Brasília.
Palavras-chave
Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner, Diversidade genética, Composição química, Herdabilidade, Parâmetro genético, Melhoramento vegetal
Citação
BRIGE, F. A. A. Variabilidade genética e caracterização química de acessos de café conilon em sistema de cultivo irrigado no Cerrado. 2016. 118 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Agronomia) - Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília. 2016.