Efeito de fungos micorrízicos e adubação fosfatada no crescimento, nutrição e produtividade do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.)
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Data
1992
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Universidade Federal de Lavras
Resumo
Avaliaram-se os efeitos da inoculação de cafeeiros com fungos microrrízicos vesículo-arbusculares (FMVA) e suas interações com adubação fosfatada no crescimento, nutrição e produção do cafeeiro, e na relação FMVA x cafeeiro. O estudo constou de três experimentos distintos sendo: a) efeitos da inoculação na formação de mudas e crescimento pós-transplante em vasos em casa de vegetação; b) crescimento e produção pós-tranaplante para o campo, sob influêcia de doses de superfosfato e
c) efetividade simbiótica de diferentes FMVA para mudas de cafeeiro em solo com níveis crescentes de fósforo. No estudo de formação de mudas, inocularam-se plântulas de cafeeiro "Mundo Novo" com FMVA, sendo: 8 isolados geográficos de
Glomus etunicatum, oriundos de Três Pontas (TP), São Sebastião do Paraiso (Par-1 e Par-2). Varginha (Var-1) e VAR-2), Lavras (LAV) e Patrocínio (Pat-1 e Pat-2); mistura de todos os isolados de G. etunicatum (Me) e mistura de Gigaspora margarita e Glomus clarum. Como testemmhas utilizaram-se mudas não inoculadas (Ni) e Ni mais fósforo recomendado (Ni+P). Com excessão desta última, todas as mudas foram formadas em substrato contendo 1/3 da adubação recomendada (0,15m3 de esterco de curral, 1,67 Kg de superfosfato simples e 0,17kg de cloreto de potássio/m3 de substrato). As mudas foram mantidas por 4 meses em casa de vegetação, quando separaram-se aleatóriamente 5 mudas de cada tratamento para avaliação do crescimento, nutrição e rnicorrização. Quatro mudas de cada tratamento foram transplantadas para vasos contendo Latosolo
Roxo com 6 ppm de P disponível, sendo estas mantidas era casa de vegetação por 3 meses quando foram avaliadas como anteriormente. No estudo à campo, mudas dos tratamentos Ni, Ni+P. CM, TP, Par-1, Var-1 e Lav, descritos no experimento anterior, foram transplantadas para um Latosaolo Vermelho-Amarelo de baixa fertilidade natural e adubadas com O, 20, 40, 80 e 160 g de P205/cova na forma de superfosfato triplo (ST). Este experimento foi conduzido em blocos inteiramente casualizados com 4 repetições, e 4 mudas úteis/parcela. Para estudar a efetividade da simbiose FMVA x cafeeiro utilizou-se, em casa de vegetação, solo coletado em área adjacente ao experimento de campo. o qual foi utilizado sem fumigação e as plântulas inoculadas com G. margarita (Mar), G. clarum (Cla) e 4 isolados de G. etunicatum (TP, Pat-1, Var-1 e Lav). O experimento constou ainda de um tratamento não inoculado (Ni) no solo contendo fungos índígenas, e outro com solo fumigado (Fum) e sem inoculação. Todos esses tratamentos foram combinados com as doses O, 200, 400. 800, 1600 m de P na forma de ST, em esquema fatorial (8x5) com 5 repetições. Na fase de fomação de mudas e após o transplante, verificaram-se que os isolados de G. etunicatum apresentaram efetividade similar a mistura CM. Mudas Ni+P mostraram desenvolvimento semelhante a aquelas inoculadas na fase de mudas. Porém tiveram desenvolvimento menor após transplantadas para vasos contendo solo deficiente em P. No experimento de campo verificaram-se diferenças na efetividade dos isolados de G. etunicatum. Na dose 80g P205/cova, os isolados Pat-1, Par-1 e Var-1 apresentaram a produção de grãos maior que a testemunha Ni e atingiram em torno de 80% da produção máxima obtida. A colonização radicular dos cafeeiros aos 23 meses após o transplante para o campo foi aumentada na menor dose de P205, porém reduzida nas doses mais elevadas. Verificaram-se diferenças na efetividade entre os FMVA no experimento com solo do campo com diferentes doses de ST em condicões de casa de vegetação. O isolado de G. etunicatum Pat-1 oriundo da mesma região do solo utilizado e G. margarita, também em ocorrência natural neste solo, mostraram-se mais tolerantes aos níveis de P no solo. tendo-se simbiose mutualistica em faixas mais amplas de P disponível e promoveram maiores benefícios para o cafeeiro. Concluiu-se que a inoculação das mudas beneficia o dasenvolvimento e a produção inicial do cafeeiro. porém a magnitude destes efeitos depende da disponibilidade de P no solo. Os isolados de G. etunicatum apresentam diferenças quanto sua efetividade simbiótica, sendo esta relacionada com a faixa de P disponivel em que mantém simbiose mutualistica com o cafeeiro. Embora preliminares, os resultados indicam que a micorrização das mudas de aumenta eficiência de uso do fertilizante fosfatado pelo cafeeiro em solos de baixa fertilidade.
The effects of inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi on coffee tree seedlings and fungal interaction with soil phosphorus levels on growth, yield and VAM symbiotic effectiveness were studied. Three different studies were conducted as follow: a) seedling growth at nursery stage and after transplant under greenhouse conditions; b) outplant growth, and bean yield in the field, and c) VAM fungal symbiotic effectiveness as affected by soil phosphorus amendment. At nursery stage, pre-germinated seeds were inoculated with 10 different VAM fungal treatments being eight geographic isolates of Glomus etunicatum (designated as Par-1, Par-2, Var-1, Var-2, Pat-1, Pat-2, Lav e TP), a mixture of all isolates of G. etunicatum (Me) and a mixture of single isolates of Gigaspora margarita e Glomus clarum (CM). As control there were non-inoculated (Ni) seedlings and Ni fertilized recommended phospoorus (Ni+P). All the inoculated seedlings received 1/3 of the recommended P (1.67 kg of simple superphosphate/m3) mixed with the nursery substrate. After 4 months of growth, five seedlings were randomly selected from each treatment and used for assessment of growth, nutrition and mycorrhizal development. Additional four seedlings per treatment were transplanted to pots filled with a low-P (6 ppm - Mehlich I) Oxisol and allowed to growth for another three months, when they were evaluated as before. For field experiment, seedlings from selected treatments, in a total of seven, were raised as before and transplanted to a low-fertility Oxisol fertilized amended with triple superphosphate at rates of 0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 g de P2O5 per seedling. This experiment was set up in randomized block design with four replications and four treated-seedlings per plot. The symbiotic effectiveness were studied on a experiment conducted in 5.5 kg pots filled with a field soil amended with increasing rates (0, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 ppm) of triple superphosphate. Pots were planted with one seedling and were inoculated separately with either G. margarita, G. clarum or isolates of G. etunicatum (TP, Pat-1, Var-1 and Lav), in addition, a non-inoculated field soil (Ni) and a non-inoculated fumigated soil (FUM) as controls, all with five replications. At nursery stage and after transplant to fumigated soil in the greenhouse, inoculation enhanced seedlings growth as compared to Ni controls. G. etunicatum isolates exhibited effectiveness similar to mixed inoculum CM. Non-inoculated fertilized seedlings did not differ from the inoculated ones after four months of growth, but they grew less when transplanted to low P soil. Field outplanted seedlings inoculated with isolates of G. etunicatum exhibited improved initial growth as compared to Ni seedlings. Plants inoculated with isolates Pat-1, Par-1 and Var-1 gave higher bean yield in the first harvest than Ni plants with 80 g P2O5/plant. No significant effects were found for other treatments in the first harvest. Root colonization after 23 months of transplant to the field was favoured by application of 20g P2O5/plant, but decreased at higher levels. Greenhouse experiment using field soil indicates diferences among VAM fungi. G. etunicatum Pat-1, originally isolated from the field experimental site and G. margarita showed tolerance and effectiveness to a wider range of soil P than the other fungi tested. The results showed that inoculation of seedlings enhanced initial growth and bean yield of coffee tree after transplant, these benefits, however, were dependent upon soil P availability. In addition to their benefit to seedling growth, inoculation with VAM fungi enhance efficiency of P fertilizer to coffee crop in low fertility soils.
The effects of inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi on coffee tree seedlings and fungal interaction with soil phosphorus levels on growth, yield and VAM symbiotic effectiveness were studied. Three different studies were conducted as follow: a) seedling growth at nursery stage and after transplant under greenhouse conditions; b) outplant growth, and bean yield in the field, and c) VAM fungal symbiotic effectiveness as affected by soil phosphorus amendment. At nursery stage, pre-germinated seeds were inoculated with 10 different VAM fungal treatments being eight geographic isolates of Glomus etunicatum (designated as Par-1, Par-2, Var-1, Var-2, Pat-1, Pat-2, Lav e TP), a mixture of all isolates of G. etunicatum (Me) and a mixture of single isolates of Gigaspora margarita e Glomus clarum (CM). As control there were non-inoculated (Ni) seedlings and Ni fertilized recommended phospoorus (Ni+P). All the inoculated seedlings received 1/3 of the recommended P (1.67 kg of simple superphosphate/m3) mixed with the nursery substrate. After 4 months of growth, five seedlings were randomly selected from each treatment and used for assessment of growth, nutrition and mycorrhizal development. Additional four seedlings per treatment were transplanted to pots filled with a low-P (6 ppm - Mehlich I) Oxisol and allowed to growth for another three months, when they were evaluated as before. For field experiment, seedlings from selected treatments, in a total of seven, were raised as before and transplanted to a low-fertility Oxisol fertilized amended with triple superphosphate at rates of 0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 g de P2O5 per seedling. This experiment was set up in randomized block design with four replications and four treated-seedlings per plot. The symbiotic effectiveness were studied on a experiment conducted in 5.5 kg pots filled with a field soil amended with increasing rates (0, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 ppm) of triple superphosphate. Pots were planted with one seedling and were inoculated separately with either G. margarita, G. clarum or isolates of G. etunicatum (TP, Pat-1, Var-1 and Lav), in addition, a non-inoculated field soil (Ni) and a non-inoculated fumigated soil (FUM) as controls, all with five replications. At nursery stage and after transplant to fumigated soil in the greenhouse, inoculation enhanced seedlings growth as compared to Ni controls. G. etunicatum isolates exhibited effectiveness similar to mixed inoculum CM. Non-inoculated fertilized seedlings did not differ from the inoculated ones after four months of growth, but they grew less when transplanted to low P soil. Field outplanted seedlings inoculated with isolates of G. etunicatum exhibited improved initial growth as compared to Ni seedlings. Plants inoculated with isolates Pat-1, Par-1 and Var-1 gave higher bean yield in the first harvest than Ni plants with 80 g P2O5/plant. No significant effects were found for other treatments in the first harvest. Root colonization after 23 months of transplant to the field was favoured by application of 20g P2O5/plant, but decreased at higher levels. Greenhouse experiment using field soil indicates diferences among VAM fungi. G. etunicatum Pat-1, originally isolated from the field experimental site and G. margarita showed tolerance and effectiveness to a wider range of soil P than the other fungi tested. The results showed that inoculation of seedlings enhanced initial growth and bean yield of coffee tree after transplant, these benefits, however, were dependent upon soil P availability. In addition to their benefit to seedling growth, inoculation with VAM fungi enhance efficiency of P fertilizer to coffee crop in low fertility soils.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado defendida na Universidade Federal de Lavras
Palavras-chave
Café Fungos micorrízicos Adubação fosfatada Nutrição mineral Produção Micorriza vesiculo-arbuscular, Coffee Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi Phosphate fertilization Mineral nutrition Yield
Citação
Saggin Júnior, Orivaldo José. Efeito de fungos micorrízicos e adubação fosfatada no crescimento, nutrição e produtividade do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.). Lavras : ESAL, 1992. 127p. : il. (Dissertação - mestrado em Agronomia, área de concentração: Solos e Nutrição de Plantas) Orientador: José Oswaldo Siqueira