Boron, copper and zinc effects on photosynthesis, enzymatic activity, nutritional status, production, chemical composition and cup quality of coffee
Data
2014-07-16
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
A ordem de exigência de micronutrientes pelo cafeeiro é Fe>Mn>B>Zn>Cu>Mo, o que permite inferir que os maiores problemas estão relacionados ao B, Cu e Zn, uma vez que os solos brasileiros apresentam teores elevados de Fe e Mn. As formas usuais de fornecimento do B, Cu e Zn a cafeeiros são via solo ou via pulverização foliar, porém, ambas as formas possuem desvantagens, além disso, a literatura é bastante rica quanto às melhores fontes e doses para que sejam obtidas boas produtividade, no entanto, pouco ainda é conhecido sobre seus efeitos na qualidade da bebida. Assim, objetivou-se com esse trabalho verificar a viabilidade da suplementação do B, Cu e Zn via inserção de comprimidos na haste ortotrópica do Coffea arabica L., bem como, avaliar a resposta do cafeeiro em termos de produtividade e qualidade dos grãos. Foram executados três experimentos em campo sob delineamento em blocos casualizados com 5 repetições. Para avaliar o efeito do B foram aplicados os tratamentos sem o fornecimento de B, pulverização foliar contendo ácido bórico (0,4%) e inserção de comprimidos contendo sais de B, B+Cu, B+Zn e B+Cu+Zn; para avaliar o efeito do Cu foram aplicados os tratamentos sem o fornecimento de Cu, pulverização foliar contendo sulfato de cobre (0,4%) e inserção de comprimidos contendo sais de Cu, B+Cu, Cu+Zn e B+Cu+Zn e para avaliar o efeito do Zn foram aplicados os tratamentos sem o fornecimento de Zn, pulverização foliar contendo sulfato de zinco (0,4%) e inserção de comprimidos contendo sais de Zn, B+Zn, Cu+Zn e B+Cu+Zn. Adicionalmente, foi executado um experimento em casa de vegetação com objetivo de determinar as concentrações de B, Cu e Zn que se relacionam com a máxima eficiência fotossintética e relacioná-las também às atividades da polifenoloxidase e superóxido dismutase. O experimento foi executado usando-se vasos de 50 L contendo areia lavada e plantas de café cultivadas nessa condição durante três anos, em sistema hidropônico, sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. As doses de 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 e 3.2 μmol/L de Cu; de 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 e 4.0 μmol/L de Zn e 10, 20, 30 e 40 μmol/L de B constituíram os fatores em estudo. A inserção de comprimidos no tronco, contendo B, Cu e Zn embora necessite de ajustes quanto a composição e doses é eficaz no fornecimento dos nutrientes às plantas e é mais regular que a pulverização foliar. O B, Cu e Zn fornecidos via pulverização foliar ou inserção de comprimidos na base do tronco influenciaram a qualidade dos grãos de café, caracterizada pelos teores de cafeína, trigonelina, sacarose, glicose, arabinose, manose, ácido 3-cafeoilquínico, ácido 5- cafeoilquínico, atividade da polifenoloxidase e compostos fenólicos totais. Apenas o Cu influenciou a qualidade da bebida avaliada pela prova de xícara. O Cu e Zn fornecidos via inserção de comprimidos foi equivalente à pulverização foliar tanto em produção quanto em qualidade. Com base nos resultados do experimento adicional pode-se dizer que a atividade da polifenoloxidase pode ser um indica- dor do estado nutricional das plantas em B e Cu. A atividade da superóxido dismutase é proporcional aos teores foliares de Cu e Zn e a atividade fotossintética é ótima quando os teores foliares de B e Cu encontram-se dentro da faixa de suficiência previamente estabelecida, resultando também em máxima atividade da polifenoloxidase.
The amounts of micronutrients required for the coffee trees follows the order Fe> Mn> B> Zn> Cu> Mo, which allows us to infer that the biggest problems are related to B, Cu and Zn, since the Brazilian oxisoils have high contents of Fe and Mn and coffee trees do not need high amounts of Mo. Soil fertilization or foliar sprays are the usual ways of supplying such nutrients to coffee plants, but in some conditions both forms are ineffective. The literature has many references about sources and doses of micronutrients for providing good productivity, however, little is known about its effects on the quality of the beans and beverage. Thus, the objective of this study was to verify the feasibility of B, Cu and Zn supplementation by injections of tablets containing salts of these micronutrients in the orthotropic branch of Coffea arabica L., and evaluate the response of coffee in terms of nutritional status, yield and quality. Three experiments were performed in field conditions under randomized block design with 5 replications. In order to assess the effect of B it was applied the following treatments: without B, foliar sprays containing boric acid at 0.4% and injections of tablets containing B, B+Cu, B+Zn and B+Cu+Zn in the trunk. Similar procedure was done to assess the effects of Cu and Zn, being the treatments as follow: without Cu, foliar sprays containing copper sulphate at 0.4% and injections of tablets containing Cu, Cu+B, Cu+Zn and B+Cu+Zn in the trunk; without Zn, foliar sprays containing zinc sulphate at 0.4% and injections of tablets containing Zn, Zn+B, Zn+Cu and B+Cu+Zn in the trunk. A fourth experiment was performed in a greenhouse in order to determine B, Cu and Zn nutritional status of the cof- fee-plants related to the maximum photosynthetic efficiency and activities of polyphenol oxidase and dismutase superoxide. The experiment was performed using pots of 50 L containing washed sand and coffee-plants cultivated in such way for three years, in a hydroponic system, under completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments were constituted of doses of 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 μmol/l of Cu; 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 μmol/l of Zn and 10, 20, 30 and 40 μmol/l of B. The results obtained permit conclude that tablets containing B, Cu and Zn injected into the trunk, although needing adjustments in the composition and doses, are effective in providing these micronutrients to the coffee-plants. Boron, copper and zinc supplied by foliar sprays or tablet injections at the base of the trunk influenced the quality of the coffee beans, characterized by the contents of caffeine, trigonelline, sucrose, glucose, arabinose, mannose, 3- caffeoyilquinic acid, 5-caffeoyilquinic acid, PPO activity and total phenolic compounds. Only Cu nutrition influenced the cupping quality. For Cu and Zn, coffee production and beans quality were equivalents with either forms of supply. PPO activity is a good indicator of the B and Cu nutritional status of coffee trees. SOD activity is proportional to the foliar contents of Cu and Zn and the photosynthetic activity is high when the contents of B and Cu, are within the sufficiency range, resulting in maximum PPO activity.
The amounts of micronutrients required for the coffee trees follows the order Fe> Mn> B> Zn> Cu> Mo, which allows us to infer that the biggest problems are related to B, Cu and Zn, since the Brazilian oxisoils have high contents of Fe and Mn and coffee trees do not need high amounts of Mo. Soil fertilization or foliar sprays are the usual ways of supplying such nutrients to coffee plants, but in some conditions both forms are ineffective. The literature has many references about sources and doses of micronutrients for providing good productivity, however, little is known about its effects on the quality of the beans and beverage. Thus, the objective of this study was to verify the feasibility of B, Cu and Zn supplementation by injections of tablets containing salts of these micronutrients in the orthotropic branch of Coffea arabica L., and evaluate the response of coffee in terms of nutritional status, yield and quality. Three experiments were performed in field conditions under randomized block design with 5 replications. In order to assess the effect of B it was applied the following treatments: without B, foliar sprays containing boric acid at 0.4% and injections of tablets containing B, B+Cu, B+Zn and B+Cu+Zn in the trunk. Similar procedure was done to assess the effects of Cu and Zn, being the treatments as follow: without Cu, foliar sprays containing copper sulphate at 0.4% and injections of tablets containing Cu, Cu+B, Cu+Zn and B+Cu+Zn in the trunk; without Zn, foliar sprays containing zinc sulphate at 0.4% and injections of tablets containing Zn, Zn+B, Zn+Cu and B+Cu+Zn in the trunk. A fourth experiment was performed in a greenhouse in order to determine B, Cu and Zn nutritional status of the cof- fee-plants related to the maximum photosynthetic efficiency and activities of polyphenol oxidase and dismutase superoxide. The experiment was performed using pots of 50 L containing washed sand and coffee-plants cultivated in such way for three years, in a hydroponic system, under completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments were constituted of doses of 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 μmol/l of Cu; 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 μmol/l of Zn and 10, 20, 30 and 40 μmol/l of B. The results obtained permit conclude that tablets containing B, Cu and Zn injected into the trunk, although needing adjustments in the composition and doses, are effective in providing these micronutrients to the coffee-plants. Boron, copper and zinc supplied by foliar sprays or tablet injections at the base of the trunk influenced the quality of the coffee beans, characterized by the contents of caffeine, trigonelline, sucrose, glucose, arabinose, mannose, 3- caffeoyilquinic acid, 5-caffeoyilquinic acid, PPO activity and total phenolic compounds. Only Cu nutrition influenced the cupping quality. For Cu and Zn, coffee production and beans quality were equivalents with either forms of supply. PPO activity is a good indicator of the B and Cu nutritional status of coffee trees. SOD activity is proportional to the foliar contents of Cu and Zn and the photosynthetic activity is high when the contents of B and Cu, are within the sufficiency range, resulting in maximum PPO activity.
Descrição
Tese de Doutorado defendida na Universidade Federal de Viçosa.
Palavras-chave
Micronutrientes, Produção, Qualidade
Citação
CLEMENTE, J. M. Boron, copper and zinc effects on photosynthesis, enzymatic activity, nutritional status, production, chemical composition and cup quality of coffee. 2014. 106 f. Tese (Doutorado em Fitotecnia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG. 2014.