Aspectos fisiológicos do crescimento e da produção do cafeeiro
Arquivos
Data
2009
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Editor
Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
Neste trabalho, foram investigadas alterações no crescimento vegetativo, na produção, na "seca de ramos", nas trocas gasosas, no metabolismo de carboidratos, nos teores de nitrogênio e pigmentosem folhas e segmentos de ramos de plantas de café cultivadas em renques orientados na posição norte-sul, sob condições de campo, ao longo de dois anos. Foram realizadas avaliações em ramos em três classes de razão área foliar/número de frutos (RAF) [0 a 6 (R1); 6,1 a 14 (R2); >14 cm2 fruto-1 (R3)], em 2006-2007, e RAF >20 cm2 fruto-1, em 2007-2008, nas posições leste inferior (LI), leste superior (LS), oeste inferior (OI) e oeste superior (OS) da copa. As avaliações de crescimento foram realizadas de novembro de 2006 a março de 2007, e de novembro de 2007 a maio de 2008. As avaliações de trocas gasosas, metabolismo do carbono, nitrogênio e pigmentos foram realizadas em março de 2007 e em março de 2008, enquanto a produção de frutos foi avaliada em abril de 2007 e em maio de 2008, e a seca de ramos, em julho de 2007 e 2008. A taxa de crescimento dos ramos foi maior, enquanto a produção e a seca de ramos foram menores, na medida em que a RAF aumentou, em todas as posições avaliadas, em 2006-2007. Em 2007-2008, a taxa de crescimento dos ramos foi maior nos estratos superiores em comparação aos inferiores, tanto nas posições leste como na oeste do renque. Em 2007, a produção total de frutos e de frutos normais nas faces leste e oeste foi maior no estrato superior em relação ao inferior, enquanto a produção de frutos-bóia foi maior em OS que em OI. Entre as faces do renque, tanto a produção total de frutos, a de frutos normais e a de frutos-bóia, bem como a morte de ramos, no estrato superior, foram maiores na face leste em comparação com a oeste. A produção total de frutos foi sobremodo maior em 2006-2007 que em 2007-2008, em todas as posições e faces avaliadas. Não se puderam associar diferenças de produção entre os tratamentos com diferenças de taxas de fotossíntese, com variações na composição isotópica do carbono e nem com diferenças de disponibilidade de carboidratos, fato que poderia ser explicado pela perda da autonomia dos ramos, particularmente nos períodos de alta demanda de assimilados pelos frutos. Em consonância com estes resultados, nenhuma alteração substancial nas atividades de enzimas-chave associadas ao metabolismo do carbono foi verificada. Não se pôde, também, associar seca de ramos com disponibilidade de minerais e carboidratos, nem com estresse oxidativo. Em adição, não se verificaram variações de bienalidade de produção entre faces do dossel; possivelmente, maior produção da face leste poderia estar associada com maior disponibilidade de luz, nas condições deste experimento. Registra-se, ainda, que a manutenção das trocas gasosas, ao longo do dia, pode estar muito mais associada a baixas demandas evaporativas da atmosfera do que propriamente com retroinibição da fotossíntese. Nesse sentido, os estômatos parecem responder fortemente ao aumento do déficit de pressão de vapor; porém, ritmos endógenos também podem estar associados ao fechamento estomático, especialmente no fim da tarde.
In this work, changes in vegetative growth, crop production, branch die-back, gas exchange, carbohydrate metabolism, nitrogen and pigment concentration were investigated in leaves and branch segments in coffee trees grown (north-south orientation) under field conditions along two years. Samplings and measurements were conducted using outer leaves from the upper and lower strata from east- and west-faced sides of a coffee hedgerow in branches of three classes of leaf-to-fruit ratio (0 to 6; 6.1 to 14; >14 cm2 fruit-1) in 2006-2007 and leaf-to-fruit ratio >20 cm2 fruit-1 in 2007-2008. Growth evaluations were accomplished from November 2006 to March of 2007 and from November 2007 to May 2008. Evaluations of gas exchange, carbon metabolism, nitrogen and pigment concentration were accomplished in March 2007 and March 2008, while crop yield was evaluated in April 2007 and May 2008, and branch die-back in July 2007 and July 2008. Branch growth rate was larger, whereas production and branch die-back were smaller with increasing leaf-to-fruit ratio regardless of canopy positions in 2006-2007. In 2007-2008, branch growth rate was larger in the upper strata in comparison with the lower strata in both east and west positions of the hedgerow. In 2007, total crop yield and production of welldeveloped fruits in east and west faces were both larger in upper strata than in the lower strata, while the production of partially-empty fruits was larger in upper than in lower strata in the east canopy position. Among the faces of the row, total crop yield and production of well-developed- and partially-empty-fruits, as well as branch dieback in the upper strata, all were larger in the east face than in the west one. Total crop yield was remarkably larger in 2006- 2007 than in 2007-2008 regardless of canopy position. Relationships among crop production with photosynthetic rates, carbon isotope composition and carbohydrate concentration could not be found, which could be explained by the loss of branch autonomy, particularly in periods of high demand of assimilates by the fruits. In support to these results, substantial alteration in activities of key enzymes associated with carbon metabolism was not verified. Relationships among branch die-back with availability of minerals and carbohydrates as well as with oxidative stress were also not found. In addition, variations in biennial production were not verified among the faces of the tree canopies. Possibly, larger production of the east face could be associated with larger light supply. Maintenance of gas exchange along the day could be largely associated with lower atmospheric demand than with feedback inhibition of photosynthesis. In this sense, stomata seemed strongly responsive to increasing evaporative demand; however, endogenous rhythms might also be associated with stomatal closure, especially at the end of afternoon.
In this work, changes in vegetative growth, crop production, branch die-back, gas exchange, carbohydrate metabolism, nitrogen and pigment concentration were investigated in leaves and branch segments in coffee trees grown (north-south orientation) under field conditions along two years. Samplings and measurements were conducted using outer leaves from the upper and lower strata from east- and west-faced sides of a coffee hedgerow in branches of three classes of leaf-to-fruit ratio (0 to 6; 6.1 to 14; >14 cm2 fruit-1) in 2006-2007 and leaf-to-fruit ratio >20 cm2 fruit-1 in 2007-2008. Growth evaluations were accomplished from November 2006 to March of 2007 and from November 2007 to May 2008. Evaluations of gas exchange, carbon metabolism, nitrogen and pigment concentration were accomplished in March 2007 and March 2008, while crop yield was evaluated in April 2007 and May 2008, and branch die-back in July 2007 and July 2008. Branch growth rate was larger, whereas production and branch die-back were smaller with increasing leaf-to-fruit ratio regardless of canopy positions in 2006-2007. In 2007-2008, branch growth rate was larger in the upper strata in comparison with the lower strata in both east and west positions of the hedgerow. In 2007, total crop yield and production of welldeveloped fruits in east and west faces were both larger in upper strata than in the lower strata, while the production of partially-empty fruits was larger in upper than in lower strata in the east canopy position. Among the faces of the row, total crop yield and production of well-developed- and partially-empty-fruits, as well as branch dieback in the upper strata, all were larger in the east face than in the west one. Total crop yield was remarkably larger in 2006- 2007 than in 2007-2008 regardless of canopy position. Relationships among crop production with photosynthetic rates, carbon isotope composition and carbohydrate concentration could not be found, which could be explained by the loss of branch autonomy, particularly in periods of high demand of assimilates by the fruits. In support to these results, substantial alteration in activities of key enzymes associated with carbon metabolism was not verified. Relationships among branch die-back with availability of minerals and carbohydrates as well as with oxidative stress were also not found. In addition, variations in biennial production were not verified among the faces of the tree canopies. Possibly, larger production of the east face could be associated with larger light supply. Maintenance of gas exchange along the day could be largely associated with lower atmospheric demand than with feedback inhibition of photosynthesis. In this sense, stomata seemed strongly responsive to increasing evaporative demand; however, endogenous rhythms might also be associated with stomatal closure, especially at the end of afternoon.
Descrição
Tese de Doutorado defendida na Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Palavras-chave
Bienalidade; Café; Metabolismo do carbono; Produção;, Coffee; Carbon metabolism; Production;
Citação
Chaves, Agnaldo Rodrigues de Melo. Aspectos fisiológicos do crescimento e da produção do cafeeiro. Viçosa, MG : UFV, 2009. 66p. : il. (Tese - Doutorado em Fisiologia Vegetal) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Orientador: Fabio Murilo DaMatta. T 633.73 C512a 2009