Estoque de carbono do solo e fluxo de gases de efeito estufa no cultivo do café
Data
2013
Autores
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Editor
Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” - Universidade de São Paulo
Resumo
O café é uma das principais culturas exploradas no Brasil, e está entre as mais importantes commodities agrícolas de exportação. A demanda por produtos agrícolas sustentáveis é cada vez maior, questão especialmente importante para a competitividade dos produtos de exportação. Portanto, conhecer os impactos das emissões de gases do efeito estufa (GEE) é fundamental para qualquer cultura agrícola, assim como estudar o seu manejo para detectar alternativas mitigadoras. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o estoque de carbono no solo e o fluxo de gases de feito estufa no cultivo do café. Para tal foram avaliados o estoque de carbono do solo devido à conversão do uso da terra sob vegetação de Cerrado para a cultura do café; o uso de corretivo agrícola e sua influencia no fluxo de CO2 , assim como a influência do uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados na emissão de N2O. O carbono (C) do solo foi determinado para o solo original de cerrado (controle) e em áreas convertidas há 37, 15 e 8 anos, além de duas áreas que receberam adição 22.684 e 16.845 kg ha -1 de composto orgânico em 2006 (CRI) e 2010 (CRII), respectivamente. O estoque de C no solo foi maior na área Café 37 (91,34 Mg C ha-1) e o menor para o Cerrado (66,87 Mg C ha-1) a 0-30 cm. As áreas com Café 15, 8 anos, CRI e CRII não apresentaram diferença entre si, com estoque de carbono no solo de 85,21, 85,75, 73,29 e 76,95, Mg C ha-1 respectivamente. Após a conversão do solo para a produção de café, há um aumento considerável no estoque de C, porém ao longo do tempo este valor tende a decrescer, provavelmente por conta de práticas de manejo. O nitrogênio (N) é o nutriente exigido em grande quantidade pela cultura do café e é apontado dentre os fertilizantes que mais contribuem com a emissão de GEE na agricultura. A fim de se conhecer o fluxo de emissão das diferentes alternativas de adubação nitrogenada, avaliou-se o nitrato de cálcio (NC), nitrato de amônio (NA), ureia (UR) e ureia-NBPT (NBPT®), para dose única (100 kg ha-1) e parcelada (2 x 50 kg ha-1). A ureia em dose única foi a fonte de maior emissão (125,12 mg N-N 2 O m -2 ) e o nitrato de cálcio parcelado foi a de menor (1,93mg N-N2O m-2). O uso da calagem é essencial para corrigir a fertilidade de solos ácidos, como é o caso da maioria dos solos de cerrado. A calagem é uma importante fonte emissora de CO 2 na atividade agrícola. Para se conhecer o fluxo de emissão da calagem, avaliou-se uma área com calcário recém aplicado e outra área após 5 anos da calagem. Os fluxos acumulados foram de 64,7 e 58,7 g de C-CO2 m-2 , respectivamente. A área que recebeu calcário recentemente obteve maior emissão por efeitos indiretos. Buscando atender a exigências de sustentabilidade avaliou-se a emissão do sistema de produção por cada saca de café (60 kg). Para tal foram utilizados dados de combustível, fertilizantes nitrogenados, adubo orgânico, calcário e eletricidade. A fazenda emitiu um total de 2.698 t CO2 equivalente de GEE durante dois anos agrícolas. A fonte que mais contribuiu foi o uso óleo diesel (1.407 t CO2 eq) e a menor foi a eletricidade (41 t CO2 eq). Para produzir uma saca de café foram emitidos 0,68 kg de CO2 eq kg-1 de café.
The coffee is one of the main crops grown in Brazil, and is its most important agricultural export commodities. The demand for sustainable agricultural products is increasing, especially important issue for the competitiveness of export products. Therefore, knowing the impacts of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) is critical for any crop, as well as studying their management to detect mitigation alternatives. The aim of this study was to determine the soil carbon stock and flow of greenhouse gases made in the cultivation of coffee. The studies comprised the evaluation of the conversion of land use Cerrado vegetation for coffee, use of liming and its influence on the flux of CO2 , as well as the influence of the use of nitrogen fertilizers on N 2 O emission. Carbon (C) of the soil was determined for the original Cerrado soil (control) and in areas converted for 37, 15 and 8 years, and also two areas who received addition of 22.684 e 16.845 kg ha-1 organic compound in 2006 and 2010, respectively. The highest levels of carbon were to coffee 37 to 0-5 cm in Li, and the layers 5-10, 10-20 cm in Eli C stocks in the soil was higher in the coffee 37 (91.34 Mg C ha-1) and the lowest for the Cerrado (66.87 Mg C ha-1) at 0-30 cm. Areas with coffee 15, 8, and CRI CRII did not differ among themselves, with soil carbon stock of 85.21, 85.75, 73.29 and 76.95 Mg C ha -1 , respectively. After the conversion of land for coffee production, there is a considerable increase in the stock of C, but over time this value tends to decrease, probably due to management practices. Nitrogen (N) is the nutrient required in large quantity by the coffee culture and is named among the fertilizers that contribute most to GHG emissions in agriculture. In order to meet the emission flux of alternative nitrogen fertilization was evaluated calcium nitrate (CN), ammonium nitrate (AN), urea (UR) and urea NBPT (NBPT®), full dose (100 kg ha-1) and split dose (2 x 50 kg ha -1 ). Urea full dose was increased emission source (125.12 mg N2O-N m-2) and calcium nitrate was less parceled (1.93 mg N2O-N m-2). The use of lime is essential to correct the fertility of acid soils, a situation typical of most Cerrado soils. Liming is an important emission source of CO2 in agricultural activity. To know the flow of issuance of liming, evaluated a limestone area with freshly applied and another 5 years after liming. The accumulated flows were 64.7 and 58.7 g CO2 -C m-2 , respectively. The area was limed recently gained greater flow issue. Seeking to meet the requirements of sustainability evaluated the issue of the production system for every bag of coffee (60 kg). For such data were used fuel, nitrogen fertilizer, organic fertilizer, limestone and electricity. For such data were used fuel, nitrogen fertilizer, organic fertilizer, limestone and electricity. The farm issued a total of 2.698 t of CO2 equivalent GHG during a two crop years. The source that contributed most was the use of diesel (1.407 t CO 2 eq) and the lowest was electricity (41 t CO2 eq). To produce a bag of coffee were issued 0.68 kg CO2 eq kg-1 coffee.
The coffee is one of the main crops grown in Brazil, and is its most important agricultural export commodities. The demand for sustainable agricultural products is increasing, especially important issue for the competitiveness of export products. Therefore, knowing the impacts of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) is critical for any crop, as well as studying their management to detect mitigation alternatives. The aim of this study was to determine the soil carbon stock and flow of greenhouse gases made in the cultivation of coffee. The studies comprised the evaluation of the conversion of land use Cerrado vegetation for coffee, use of liming and its influence on the flux of CO2 , as well as the influence of the use of nitrogen fertilizers on N 2 O emission. Carbon (C) of the soil was determined for the original Cerrado soil (control) and in areas converted for 37, 15 and 8 years, and also two areas who received addition of 22.684 e 16.845 kg ha-1 organic compound in 2006 and 2010, respectively. The highest levels of carbon were to coffee 37 to 0-5 cm in Li, and the layers 5-10, 10-20 cm in Eli C stocks in the soil was higher in the coffee 37 (91.34 Mg C ha-1) and the lowest for the Cerrado (66.87 Mg C ha-1) at 0-30 cm. Areas with coffee 15, 8, and CRI CRII did not differ among themselves, with soil carbon stock of 85.21, 85.75, 73.29 and 76.95 Mg C ha -1 , respectively. After the conversion of land for coffee production, there is a considerable increase in the stock of C, but over time this value tends to decrease, probably due to management practices. Nitrogen (N) is the nutrient required in large quantity by the coffee culture and is named among the fertilizers that contribute most to GHG emissions in agriculture. In order to meet the emission flux of alternative nitrogen fertilization was evaluated calcium nitrate (CN), ammonium nitrate (AN), urea (UR) and urea NBPT (NBPT®), full dose (100 kg ha-1) and split dose (2 x 50 kg ha -1 ). Urea full dose was increased emission source (125.12 mg N2O-N m-2) and calcium nitrate was less parceled (1.93 mg N2O-N m-2). The use of lime is essential to correct the fertility of acid soils, a situation typical of most Cerrado soils. Liming is an important emission source of CO2 in agricultural activity. To know the flow of issuance of liming, evaluated a limestone area with freshly applied and another 5 years after liming. The accumulated flows were 64.7 and 58.7 g CO2 -C m-2 , respectively. The area was limed recently gained greater flow issue. Seeking to meet the requirements of sustainability evaluated the issue of the production system for every bag of coffee (60 kg). For such data were used fuel, nitrogen fertilizer, organic fertilizer, limestone and electricity. For such data were used fuel, nitrogen fertilizer, organic fertilizer, limestone and electricity. The farm issued a total of 2.698 t of CO2 equivalent GHG during a two crop years. The source that contributed most was the use of diesel (1.407 t CO 2 eq) and the lowest was electricity (41 t CO2 eq). To produce a bag of coffee were issued 0.68 kg CO2 eq kg-1 coffee.
Descrição
Tese de doutorado defendida na Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” - Universidade de São Paulo
Palavras-chave
Calagem, Carbono, Dióxido de carbono, Fertilizantes nitrogenados, Fluxo de gases, Óxido nitroso
Citação
BELIZÁRIO, M. H. Estoque de carbono do solo e fluxo de gases de efeito estufa no cultivo do café . 2013. 143 f. Tese (Doutorado em Solos e Nutrição de Plantas) - Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba. 2013.