Época de colheita e tempo de permanência dos frutos à espera da secagem, na qualidade dos frutos do café (Coffea arabica L.)
Arquivos
Data
2001
Autores
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Editor
Universidade Federal de Lavras
Resumo
Experimentos distintos foram realizados em regi& diferentes, com o objetivo de verificar a qualidade pela composição química e sensorial de café colhido em sete épocas diferentes e também mantido ensacado por diferentes tempos no terreiro à espera da secagem. Cafés da cultivar Catuaí vermelho foram colhidos na região de Lavras-MG, em sete épocas, variando em 14 dias entre cada colheita, com início em 31/5/1999 e término em 25/8/1999. Frutos recém-colhidos da mesma cultivar foram mantidos ensacados por oito diferentes tempos, variando de 0 a 7 dias antes de sofrerem a secagem em terreiro, na região de Carmo de Rio Claro - MG. Considerando as diferentes épocas de colheita, o café colhido na planta (pano) apresentou um aumento no índice de coloração, açúcares redutores, não redutores e totais, atividade das enzimas poligalacturonase e polifenoloxidase, diminuição nos teores de acidez titulável total, cafeína, fenólicos totais, ácido clorogênico, lixiviação e número total de defeitos. Os teores de pectina total, solúvel, porcentagem de solubilidade, atividade da pectinametilesterase e peso de 100 grãos não apresentaram tendência definida de variação com a antecipação ou retardamento na colheita; já o café recolhido no chão (varrição), apesar de apresentar valores diferentes, apresentou uma variação semelhante ao café de pano, diferindo somente na acidez titulável total, que no café de chão não mostrou diferença entre as épocas de colheita analisadas. Comparando os valores dos diferentes constituintes no café de pano e no café de chão nas diferentes épocas de colheita, observa-se um maior teor de açúcares redutores, não redutores e totais, índice de coloração, fenólicos totais, ácido clorogênico, atividade das enzimas pectinametilesterase e polifenoloxidase, indicando qualidade superior do café de pano, comparado ao café de chão, e menor atividade da poligalacturonase e acidez titulável total, com o peso de 100 grãos, pectina solúvel e total, solubilidade, cafeína, lixiviação de potássio e número total de defeitos não mostrando variação definida. O teste sensorial efetuado tanto nos grãos de frutos submetidos aos diferentes tempos de espera para secagem, quanto nos grãos de frutos colhidos em diferentes épocas onde as porcentagens dos estádios de maturação foram bastante distintas, indicou a utilização de bebida dura como padrão máximo de qualidade. No que se refere ao tempo de espera antes da secagem, observa-se uma diminuição nos teores de açúcares, índice de coloração e atividade da polifenoloxidase e aumento nos teores de fenólicos totais, ácido clorogênico e lixiviação de ions potássio, a partir de um dia dos frutos ensacados, variantes essas que são indicativos de perda de qualidade dos grãos.
Distinct experiments were carried out in different regions with the objective of verifying the quality by chemical and sensory quality of coffee, harvested in seven different periods and also kept bagged for different periods of time on an open terrace waiting for drying. Coffee of the Catuaí vermelho cultivar was harvested in the region of Lavras-MG, in seven periods having an interval of 14 days between harvests, the first harvest was on 31/5/1999, the seventh one was on 25/8/1999. Freshly harvested fruits, of the same cultivar were maintained bagged for 8 different periods, varying from 0 to 7 days before under going drying on the terraces, in the region of Carmo do Rio Claro - MG. Considering the different periods of harvest, the coffee harvested on the plant (cloth) showed an increase in the coloration index, reducing, non-reducing and total sugars, activity of polygalacturonase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes; decrease in the contents of total titratable acidity, caffeine, total phenolics, chlorogenic acid, leaching and total number of defects. The contents of total and soluble pectin, solubility percentage, activity of pectinmethylesterase and 100 bean weight did not show a definite trend of variation with the advance or delay in the harvest. As for the coffee collected from the ground, despite presenting different values, showed a variation similar to the "cloth coffee", differing only in total titratable acidity that did not present differences between the periods of harvest analyzed. Comparing the values of the different constituents in the "cloth coffee" and in the "ground coffee" in the different periods of harvest, a higher content of reducing, non-reducing and total sugars, coloration index, total phenolics, chlorogenic acid, activity of pectinmethylesterase and polyphenol oxidase, pointing out superior quality of the "cloth coffee" when compared to "ground coffee"; and poores activity of polygalacturonase and total titratable acidity, with the weight of 100 beans, total and soluble pectin, solubility, caffeine, potassium leaching and total number of defects not showing definite variation. The sensory test made in both beans of fruits submitted to different waiting time for drying and beans of fruits harvested in different periods where the percentage of the maturation stages were quite distinct, indicated the use of hard beverage as the maximum standard of quality. In relation to the waiting time before drying, a decrease is observed in sugar contents, coloring index and polyphenol oxidase activity, and an increase in total phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid and leaching of potassium ions, from one day of bagged fruits, whose variations are indicative of quality loss of the beans.
Distinct experiments were carried out in different regions with the objective of verifying the quality by chemical and sensory quality of coffee, harvested in seven different periods and also kept bagged for different periods of time on an open terrace waiting for drying. Coffee of the Catuaí vermelho cultivar was harvested in the region of Lavras-MG, in seven periods having an interval of 14 days between harvests, the first harvest was on 31/5/1999, the seventh one was on 25/8/1999. Freshly harvested fruits, of the same cultivar were maintained bagged for 8 different periods, varying from 0 to 7 days before under going drying on the terraces, in the region of Carmo do Rio Claro - MG. Considering the different periods of harvest, the coffee harvested on the plant (cloth) showed an increase in the coloration index, reducing, non-reducing and total sugars, activity of polygalacturonase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes; decrease in the contents of total titratable acidity, caffeine, total phenolics, chlorogenic acid, leaching and total number of defects. The contents of total and soluble pectin, solubility percentage, activity of pectinmethylesterase and 100 bean weight did not show a definite trend of variation with the advance or delay in the harvest. As for the coffee collected from the ground, despite presenting different values, showed a variation similar to the "cloth coffee", differing only in total titratable acidity that did not present differences between the periods of harvest analyzed. Comparing the values of the different constituents in the "cloth coffee" and in the "ground coffee" in the different periods of harvest, a higher content of reducing, non-reducing and total sugars, coloration index, total phenolics, chlorogenic acid, activity of pectinmethylesterase and polyphenol oxidase, pointing out superior quality of the "cloth coffee" when compared to "ground coffee"; and poores activity of polygalacturonase and total titratable acidity, with the weight of 100 beans, total and soluble pectin, solubility, caffeine, potassium leaching and total number of defects not showing definite variation. The sensory test made in both beans of fruits submitted to different waiting time for drying and beans of fruits harvested in different periods where the percentage of the maturation stages were quite distinct, indicated the use of hard beverage as the maximum standard of quality. In relation to the waiting time before drying, a decrease is observed in sugar contents, coloring index and polyphenol oxidase activity, and an increase in total phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid and leaching of potassium ions, from one day of bagged fruits, whose variations are indicative of quality loss of the beans.
Descrição
Tese de Doutorado defendida na Universidade Federal de Lavras
Palavras-chave
Café Época de colheita Secagem Composição química Qualidade Análise sensorial Fermentação, Coffee Period of harvest Drying Chemical composition Quality Sensorial analysis Fermentation
Citação
Pimenta, Carlos José. Época de colheita e tempo de permanência dos frutos à espera da secagem, na qualidade dos frutos do café (Coffea arabica L.). Lavras : UFLA, 2001. 145p. : il. (Tese - doutorado em Ciência dos Alimentos, área de concentração: Química, Físico-química e Bioquímica de Alimentos). Orientador: Evódio Ribeiro Vilela T 663.93 C672a 2001