Influência da arborização na fisiologia de folhas de cafeeiro, na infestação por Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville e Perrotet, 1842) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) e nas interaçoes tritróficas
Data
2010
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Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia
Resumo
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a influência do sistema agroflorestal, café x grevíleas, na fisiologia de folhas de cafeeiro, na infestação pelo bicho- mineiro e na predação e parasitismo da praga, bem como a interação dos fatores. Os estudos foram desenvolvidos em cafeeiros localizados na Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, campus de Vitória da Conquista, e em plantio comercial no município de Barra do Choça, BA, durante o período de setembro de 2009 a janeiro de 2010, denominados de Área 1 e Área 2, respectivamente. A Área 1 é composta por um campo de observação de cafeeiro da variedade Catuaí Vermelho (IAC 144) com seis tratamentos, variando-se o espaçamento das plantas de grevílea associadas ao café, (grevíleas ha-1): Tratamento 1: 277; Tratamento 2: 139; Tratamento 3: 69; Tratamento 4: 123; Tratamento 5: 62; Tratamento 6: 31. A Área 2 compreende 16 ha de cafeeiros da mesma variedade, composto por três campos de observação com os seguintes espaçamentos das plantas (grevíleas ha-1): Campo 1: 329 e café 3,8m x 0,70m; Campo 2: 164 e café 3,8m x 0,70m; Campo 3: Café a pleno sol 3,8m x 1,0m. Foram avaliadas as variáveis fisiológicas: a) trocas gasosas das folhas: fotossíntese líquida potencial, condutância estomática, transpiração foliar, concentração interna de CO2 e temperatura foliar, com fonte de luz dicroica incidente acoplada à câmara, com densidade de fótons de 1.500 μmol m-2 s-1. As avaliações foram realizadas para os tratamentos 1 e 6, sendo utilizada uma folha com mina de bicho-mineiro e outra sem mina, no terço médio de cada lado no sentido leste e oeste da planta, totalizando quatro folhas por planta; b) teor relativo de clorofila, por meio do clorofilômetro; e c) teor do aminoácido prolina. Para amostragem do bicho- mineiro, foram observados dois ramos de cada planta de cafeeiro do estrato superior, sendo um do lado oeste e outro do lado leste. Os ramos foram marcados após contagem e registro do número de folhas, de folhas com minas, de minas por folha, de minas com lagartas vivas, minas predadas e parasitadas. Na Área 1, para variáveis fisiológicas, bem como a estimativa da infestação do bicho-mineiro em função dos níveis de arborização, foram feitas análises de regressão. Para a Área 2, as comparações foram feitas por meio da correção de “Bonferroni”. As relações entre as variáveis foram estimadas pela correlação de Pearson, por meio dos programas SAEG 9.1 e Sisvar 5.1. Os resultados demonstraram que as trocas gasosas entre a planta e o ambiente são sensíveis às alterações do movimento estomático, em particular, à fotossíntese líquida potencial, à transpiração e concentração interna de CO2. Para Área de Vitória da Conquista, a maior densidade de árvores elevou os índices fotossíntese líquida potencial dos cafeeiros em relação à condição de menor densidade. Para a Área de Barra do Choça, a arborização não propiciou maior fotossíntese líquida potencial aos cafeeiros arborizados em relação aos cafeeiros a pleno sol. O teor relativo de clorofila e o teor de prolina foram parâmetros de elevada sensibilidade dos cafeeiros às variações do ambiente. O sistema agroflorestal influenciou negativamente a infestação pelo bicho-mineiro, porém, densidades elevadas de grevíleas favorecem a infestação da praga. A taxa de predação foi influenciada pela arborização, seguindo a mesma tendência da infestação. O teor relativo de clorofila influenciou as variáveis biológicas, merecendo futuras investigações.
The purpose of this research was to study the influence of agroforestry [coffee x grevílea] in infestation of coffee leaf miner and the predation and parasitism of the pest, as well as the interplay of factors based on the physiology of leaves of coffee. The studies were conducted on the Campus da Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia - Brazil, and commercial cultivation of coffee in Barra do Choça, Bahia - Brazil during the September to January/2009-2010. The sites were named Area 1 and Area 2, respectively. In Area 1 were evaluated six treatments of coffee Red Catuaí (IAC 144) as the variation of spacing of shading of Grevillea in coffe cultivation (Grevillea ha-1): T1: 277; T2: 139; T3: 69; T4: 123, T5: 62 and T6: 31. Already in Area 2, characterized by 16 ha of coffee trees of the same variety, were evaluated three sites with a spacing of plants following (Grevillea ha-1/ coffee spacing, m): Field 1: 329/3.8x0.70; Field 2: 164/3.8x0.70; and Field 3: coffee in full sun - 0/3.8x1.0. The physiological variables were evaluated: a) Gas exchange of leaves [potential net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration, internal concentration of CO2 and leaf temperature - with dichroic incident light source coupled to the camera, with a photon density of 1,500 μmol m-2 s-1. The evaluations were conducted in T1 and T6, and used a leaf with coffee leaf miner and other leaf without mine, in the middle third of each side towards the east and west of the plant, totaling four leaves per plant]; b) Content relative chlorophyll [used a chlorophyll, repeating the sampling previous]; and c) the content of the amino acid praline. The coffee leaf miner was evaluated in two branches of each plant in the upper portion, one on the west side and one on the east. The branches were marked after counting the number of leaves, leaves with mines, mines per leaf, larval mines, mines parasitized and predated. In Area 1 the physiological variables and the estimation of coffee leaf miner infestation according to the level of shade were analyzed by regression. Already in Area 2 comparisons were made through "Bonferroni". Relationships between variables were estimated by Pearson correlation. The statistical procedures were performed through SAEG 9.1 and SISVAR 5.1. Gas exchange between plant and environment were sensitive to changes in stomatal movement, particularly the potential net photosynthesis, transpiration and internal concentration of CO2. The highest density of trees found in Vitoria da Conquista increased rates of net photosynthesis potential trees when compared to lower density. In Barra do Choça the shade didn ́t provide greater net photosynthesis potential to coffee shaded in relation to coffee trees in full sun. The relative chlorophyll and proline parameters were highly sensitive to changing environmental conditions. The agroforestry system had a negative influence on the infestation of coffee leaf miner, but high densities of Grevillea trees conducive to pest infestation. The predation rate was influenced by afforestation, following the same trend of the infestation. The relative chlorophyll content affects biological variables, indicating trends in future investigations.
The purpose of this research was to study the influence of agroforestry [coffee x grevílea] in infestation of coffee leaf miner and the predation and parasitism of the pest, as well as the interplay of factors based on the physiology of leaves of coffee. The studies were conducted on the Campus da Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia - Brazil, and commercial cultivation of coffee in Barra do Choça, Bahia - Brazil during the September to January/2009-2010. The sites were named Area 1 and Area 2, respectively. In Area 1 were evaluated six treatments of coffee Red Catuaí (IAC 144) as the variation of spacing of shading of Grevillea in coffe cultivation (Grevillea ha-1): T1: 277; T2: 139; T3: 69; T4: 123, T5: 62 and T6: 31. Already in Area 2, characterized by 16 ha of coffee trees of the same variety, were evaluated three sites with a spacing of plants following (Grevillea ha-1/ coffee spacing, m): Field 1: 329/3.8x0.70; Field 2: 164/3.8x0.70; and Field 3: coffee in full sun - 0/3.8x1.0. The physiological variables were evaluated: a) Gas exchange of leaves [potential net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration, internal concentration of CO2 and leaf temperature - with dichroic incident light source coupled to the camera, with a photon density of 1,500 μmol m-2 s-1. The evaluations were conducted in T1 and T6, and used a leaf with coffee leaf miner and other leaf without mine, in the middle third of each side towards the east and west of the plant, totaling four leaves per plant]; b) Content relative chlorophyll [used a chlorophyll, repeating the sampling previous]; and c) the content of the amino acid praline. The coffee leaf miner was evaluated in two branches of each plant in the upper portion, one on the west side and one on the east. The branches were marked after counting the number of leaves, leaves with mines, mines per leaf, larval mines, mines parasitized and predated. In Area 1 the physiological variables and the estimation of coffee leaf miner infestation according to the level of shade were analyzed by regression. Already in Area 2 comparisons were made through "Bonferroni". Relationships between variables were estimated by Pearson correlation. The statistical procedures were performed through SAEG 9.1 and SISVAR 5.1. Gas exchange between plant and environment were sensitive to changes in stomatal movement, particularly the potential net photosynthesis, transpiration and internal concentration of CO2. The highest density of trees found in Vitoria da Conquista increased rates of net photosynthesis potential trees when compared to lower density. In Barra do Choça the shade didn ́t provide greater net photosynthesis potential to coffee shaded in relation to coffee trees in full sun. The relative chlorophyll and proline parameters were highly sensitive to changing environmental conditions. The agroforestry system had a negative influence on the infestation of coffee leaf miner, but high densities of Grevillea trees conducive to pest infestation. The predation rate was influenced by afforestation, following the same trend of the infestation. The relative chlorophyll content affects biological variables, indicating trends in future investigations.
Descrição
Dissertação de mestrado defendida na Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia.
Palavras-chave
Bicho-mineiro, Grevílea, Trocas gasosas, Spad
Citação
LIMA, J. M. Influência da arborização na fisiologia de folhas de cafeeiro, na infestação por Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville e Perrotet, 1842) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) e nas interaçoes tritróficas. 2010. 168 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Agronomia) - Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista. 2010.