Interação genótipo e ambiente na composição química e qualidade sensorial de cafés especiais em diferentes formas de processamento
Data
2013-02-28
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Universidade Federal de Lavras
Resumo
Objetivou-se, com a realização deste trabalho, analisar o efeito do genótipo, da altitude, da vertente e das formas de processamento nos teores de trigonelina, cafeína, sacarose, 3-CQA, 4-CQA e 5-CQA, presentes no grão cru, durante três safras consecutivas. Especificamente, buscou-se também verificar a relação entre os teores dos compostos químicos analisados com a qualidade sensorial da bebida de cafés especiais. Foram coletadas amostras de café (Coffea arabica L.), ao longo de três safras agrícolas (2009/10, 2010/11 e 2011/12), em lavouras comerciais de propriedades localizadas no município de Carmo de Minas, Minas Gerais, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi baseado no estudo da interação entre variáveis ambientais, genéticas e de processamento. O ambiente de cultivo do café foi estratificado em três classes de altitude (inferior a 1.000 m, entre 1.000 e 1.200 m e superior a 1.200 m) e dois grupos de vertentes, sol (NE, N, NO e O) e sombra (L, SE, S e SO), resultando na combinação de seis variáveis ambientais. Foram coletados frutos de dois genótipos: Bourbon Amarelo (frutos amarelos) e Acaiá (frutos vermelhos). Para todas as combinações envolvendo ambiente e genótipo, foram coletadas três repetições e processadas nas duas formas distintas (via seca e úmida), totalizando, assim, 72 amostras por safra. Os cafés foram colhidos, processados, secados, armazenados e, posteriormente, analisados química (cafeína, trigonelina, sacarose, 3-CQA, 4-CQA e 5-CQA) e sensorialmente. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados de acordo com técnicas específicas estabelecidas pela tecnologia de pós-colheita do café, perante rigorosos padrões de controle de qualidade. A nota total da bebida do café variou significativamente para a interação entre genótipo e altitude. As demais interações de segunda, terceira e quarta ordem não apresentaram significância (P<0,05) para todas as variáveis analisadas. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos teores médios de trigonelina, 3-CQA e cafeína, em função da altitude, no teor médio de sacarose e na nota total da bebida do café, em função do efeito isolado do processamento e do genótipo. Por meio do escalonamento multidimensional, em conjunto com a técnica de Biplots, verificou-se que a composição química contribuiu de maneira expressiva na formação de agrupamentos em função da nota total da bebida do café, da altitude, do genótipo e do processamento pós-colheita. A partir dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que a relação da composição química do grão cru com a qualidade sensorial da bebida do café, decorrente da interação entre genótipo e ambiente, foi distinta quanto ao tipo de processamento. O agrupamento formado nos cafés processados por via seca apresentou o efeito conjunto dos compostos trigonelina, 5-CQA e 3-CQA, com a nota total da bebida. Por outro lado, os cafés processados por via úmida apresentaram grupos distintos em função do efeito conjunto de todos os compostos analisados com a nota total da bebida, exceto o isômero do ácido clorogênico 5-CQA.
The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of genotype, altitude, slope exposure and forms of processing on the levels of trigonelline, caffeine, sucrose, 3-CQA, 4-CQA and 5-CQA, present in green coffee beans over three consecutive crop seasons. Specifically, the aim was also to investigate the relation between the levels of the chemical compounds analyzed with the sensory quality of the specialty coffee beverage. Samples of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) were collected over three agricultural crop seasons (2009/10, 2010/11 and 2011/12) in commercial fields from properties located in the municipality of Carmo de Minas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The experiment design was based on the study of the interaction among environmental variables, genetic variables and coffee processing methods. The coffee growing area was stratified into three classes of altitude (less than 1,000 m, from 1,000 to 1,200 m and greater than 1,200 m) and two groups of slope exposure, sun (NE, N, NW and W) and shade (E, SE, S and SW), resulting in the combination of six environmental variables. Fruits from two genotypes were collected: Yellow Bourbon (yellow fruits) and Acaiá (red fruits). For all the combinations involving environment and genotype, three replications were collected and processed in two different methods (dry and wet processing), for a total of 72 samples per crop season. The coffee fruits were collected, processed, dried, stored and later analyzed chemically (caffeine, trigonelline, sucrose, 3-CQA, 4- CQA and 5-CQA) and sensorially. All procedures were performed according to specific techniques established by post-harvest coffee technology under rigorous quality control standards. The total score of the coffee beverage varied significantly for the interaction among genotype and altitude. The other interactions of second, third and fourth order did not show statistical significance (P<0.05) for the variables analyzed. Significant differences were found in the average contents of trigonelline, 3-CQA and caffeine as a function of altitude; and in the average content of sucrose and total score of the coffee beverage as a function of the isolated effect of processing and of genotype. Through multidimensional scaling, together with the Biplots technique, it was found that the chemical composition contributed expressively to the formation of groups as a result of the total score of the coffee beverage, altitude, genotype and post- harvest processing. From the results obtained, it may be concluded that the relation of the chemical composition of the green coffee bean with the sensory quality of the coffee beverage, resulting from the interaction among genotype and environment, varied as a function of the processing. The grouping formed by the coffees processed by the dry method exhibited the joint effect of the trigonelline compounds, 5-CQA and 3-CQA, with the total score of the beverage. However, the wet processed coffees exhibited distinct groups as a function of the joint effect of all the compounds analyzed with the total score of the beverage, except for the chlorogenic acid isomer 5-CQA.
The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of genotype, altitude, slope exposure and forms of processing on the levels of trigonelline, caffeine, sucrose, 3-CQA, 4-CQA and 5-CQA, present in green coffee beans over three consecutive crop seasons. Specifically, the aim was also to investigate the relation between the levels of the chemical compounds analyzed with the sensory quality of the specialty coffee beverage. Samples of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) were collected over three agricultural crop seasons (2009/10, 2010/11 and 2011/12) in commercial fields from properties located in the municipality of Carmo de Minas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The experiment design was based on the study of the interaction among environmental variables, genetic variables and coffee processing methods. The coffee growing area was stratified into three classes of altitude (less than 1,000 m, from 1,000 to 1,200 m and greater than 1,200 m) and two groups of slope exposure, sun (NE, N, NW and W) and shade (E, SE, S and SW), resulting in the combination of six environmental variables. Fruits from two genotypes were collected: Yellow Bourbon (yellow fruits) and Acaiá (red fruits). For all the combinations involving environment and genotype, three replications were collected and processed in two different methods (dry and wet processing), for a total of 72 samples per crop season. The coffee fruits were collected, processed, dried, stored and later analyzed chemically (caffeine, trigonelline, sucrose, 3-CQA, 4- CQA and 5-CQA) and sensorially. All procedures were performed according to specific techniques established by post-harvest coffee technology under rigorous quality control standards. The total score of the coffee beverage varied significantly for the interaction among genotype and altitude. The other interactions of second, third and fourth order did not show statistical significance (P<0.05) for the variables analyzed. Significant differences were found in the average contents of trigonelline, 3-CQA and caffeine as a function of altitude; and in the average content of sucrose and total score of the coffee beverage as a function of the isolated effect of processing and of genotype. Through multidimensional scaling, together with the Biplots technique, it was found that the chemical composition contributed expressively to the formation of groups as a result of the total score of the coffee beverage, altitude, genotype and post- harvest processing. From the results obtained, it may be concluded that the relation of the chemical composition of the green coffee bean with the sensory quality of the coffee beverage, resulting from the interaction among genotype and environment, varied as a function of the processing. The grouping formed by the coffees processed by the dry method exhibited the joint effect of the trigonelline compounds, 5-CQA and 3-CQA, with the total score of the beverage. However, the wet processed coffees exhibited distinct groups as a function of the joint effect of all the compounds analyzed with the total score of the beverage, except for the chlorogenic acid isomer 5-CQA.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado defendida na Universidade Federal de Lavras
Palavras-chave
Altitude, Coffea arabica L., Escalonamento multidimensional
Citação
RIBEIRO, D. E. Interação genótipo e ambiente na composição química e qualidade sensorial de cafés especiais em diferentes formas de processamento. 2013. 62 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Agrícola) - Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras. 2013.