Casca de café ou casca de soja em substituição ao milho em dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar para vacas leiteiras
Data
2005-02-17
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
Desenvolveu-se este trabalho, com objetivo de avaliar o efeito da substituição do milho grão pela casca de café ou casca de soja em dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar com 60% de concentrado para vacas de leite, sobre os consumos e as digestibilidades aparentes dos nutrientes, a produção e composição do leite, a variação de peso corporal dos animais, a mobilização de reserva corporal, o comportamento ingestivo e o desempenho econômico da atividade leiteira, o pH e concentração de amônia do líquido ruminal, a excreção de uréia na urina, a concentração de uréia no plasma e no leite, o balanço de compostos nitrogenados e a síntese de proteína microbiana, comparadas à dieta com silagem de milho. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas da raça Holandesa, puras e mestiças, distribuídas em três quadrados latinos 4X4, balanceados de acordo com o período de lactação. As dietas foram isonitrogenadas, com 14% de proteína bruta, com base na matéria seca (MS). A dieta controle constituiu-se de silagem de milho (AG-1051) e 40% de concentrado, na MS. Três dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar (RB 73-9735) com 60% de concentrado foram utilizadas, onde o milho foi substituído pela inclusão de 0% de casca (sem casca), 10% de casca de café ou 20% de casca de soja, na MS total da dieta. Os consumos de MS, matéria orgânica (MO) e carboidratos totais (CT) não diferiram (P>0,05) entre as dietas, enquanto que o consumo de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), extrato etéreo (EE), cafeína e polifenóis totais diferiram (P<0,05). Apesar dos consumos de proteína bruta (PB) e de nutrientes digestíveis totais observados (NDTobs) diferirem (P<0,05) entre as dietas, esses foram suficientes para atender as exigências nutricionais. Não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,05) para os coeficientes de digestibilidades aparentes da MS, MO, PB, EE, CT e CNF e para os teores de NDT. O coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da FDN foi maior (P<0,05) para a dieta à base de silagem de milho em relação às dietas com cana-de-açúcar sem casca e com 10 % de casca de café, mas não deferiu (P>0,05) da dieta cana-de-açúcar com 20% de casca de soja. Não houve diferenças (P>0,05) para produção de leite sem e com correção para 3,5% de gordura, variação de peso, teores plasmáticos de ácidos graxos não-esterificados (AGNE), teores no leite de proteína bruta (PB), gordura (GL), extrato seco total (EST), e produções diárias de PB, GL, lactose (LA), EST e extrato seco desengordurado (ESD) entre as dietas. Os tempos médios desprendidos com alimentação e ruminação para a dieta com base de silagem de milho foram maiores (P<0,05) que os obtidos pelas dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar, que não diferiram (P>0,05). As simulações de desempenho econômico do sistema de produção de leite indicaram que a substituição da dieta com silagem de milho no período seco do ano, pelas dietas com cana-de-açúcar, apresentou potencial de aumentar a taxa de retorno do capital investido (em % ao ano), sendo dependente de combinações favoráveis de custos relativos da cana-de-açúcar e de preços relativos dos alimentos concentrados, principalmente do milho. O pH ruminal não diferiu (P>0,05) nos tempos de coleta zero e três horas após a alimentação matinal. Imediatamente antes da alimentação não houve diferença (P>0,05) para a concentração de amônia ruminal. Entretanto, três horas após alimentação, a dieta à base de cana-de-açúcar com 10% de casca de café apresentou menor (P<0,05) concentração de amônia ruminal em relação às dietas contendo silagem de milho e cana-de-açúcar com 20% de casca de soja, não diferindo (P>0,05) da dieta com cana-de-açúcar sem casca. Não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,05) na excreção de uréia na urina (EU-urina) e na concentração de nitrogênio uréico no leite, apresentando valores médios de 179,31 mg/kg de PV e 12,59 mg/dl, respectivamente. O teor de nitrogênio uréico no plasma (NUP) foi menor (P<0,05) na dieta com silagem de milho em relação às dietas com cana-de-açúcar sem casca e com 20% de casca de soja. Entre as dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar, a que incluiu 10% de casca de café apresentou menor (P<0,05) teor de NUP. O balanço de compostos nitrogenados (BN) da dieta contendo cana-de- açúcar com 10% de casca de café foi menor (P<0,05) em relação às dietas com silagem de milho e cana-de-açúcar sem casca, mas não diferiu (P>0,05) da dieta com 20% de casca de soja; entretanto, em todas as dietas o BN foi positivo. A síntese de compostos nitrogenados microbianos e a eficiência microbiana não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pelas dietas, apresentando valores médios de 273 g/dia e 130,08 gPBmic/kg de NDT, respectivamente. Níveis de inclusão em dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar, de 10% de casca de café ou 20% de casca de soja, em substituição ao milho, para vacas com produção de 20 kg/dia de leite, podem ser utilizados de acordo com a disponibilidade e conveniência econômica.
The objective of his work was to evaluate the effect of corn grain replacement by coffee hull or soybean hull in sugar-cane based diets, with 60% concentrate, for dairy cows, on intake and apparent nutrient digestibility, milk production and composition, animal body weight variation , body reserve mobilization, ingestive behavior and milk activity economic performance, pH and ruminal liquid ammonia concentration, urea excretion in the urine, plasma and milk urea concentration, nitrogen compounds balance and microbial protein production, compared with corn silage diet. 12 purebred and crossbred Holstein cows were assigned to three 4X4 latin squares, balanced according to lactation period. Diets were isonitrogenous, with 14% crude protein, based on dry matter (DM). Diet control consisted of corn silage (AG-1051) and 40% concentrate, in DM. Three sugar-cane based diets (RB 73-9735) with 60% concentrate were used, with corn being replaced by 0% hull (without hull), 10% coffee hull or 20% soybean hull, in DM total diet. DM intake, organic matter (OM) and total carboydrates (TC) did not differ (P>0,05) among diets, whereas neutral detergent fiber intake (NDF), no fiber carboydrates (NFC), ether extract (EE), caffeine and total polyphenols (TPF) differ (P<0,05). In spite of the crude protein intake (CP) and observed total digestible nutrients (TDNobs) differ (P<0,05) among diets, they were enough to meet the nutrient requirements. No differences were observed (P>0,05) for the coefficients of apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, TC, NFC, and TDNobs. The FDN coefficient of apparent digestibility was higter (P <0,05) for the diet based on corn silage compared to diets with sugar-cane without hull and with 10% coffee hull, but it was not different (P>0,05) from the sugar-cane diet with 20% soybean hull. There were no differences (P>0,05) for milk production with and without correction for 3,5% fat, body weight variation, plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), milk crude protein (CP), fat (F), total solids (TS), and daily productions of CP, F, lactose (LA), TS and non fat solids (NFS) among the diets. The average times spent with feeding and rumination for the corn based silage diet were higher (P<0,05) than the ones obtained with the sugar-cane based diets, which did not differ (P>0,05). The simulations of economic performance of the milk production system indicated that the replacement of the corn silage diet in the dry period of the year by sugar-cane diets, showed potential for increasing the rate of return on the capital (% per year), being dependent of favorable combinations of sugar-cane relative costs and of the concentrate relative prices, mainly corn. Ruminal pH did not differ (P>0,05) at the collection times zero and three hours after the morning feeding. Immediately before the feeding there was no difference (P>0,05) for ruminal ammonia concentration. However, three hours after feeding, the sugar-cane based diet with 10% coffee hull showed lower concentration (P<0,05) of ruminal ammonia than the diets containing corn silage and sugar-cane with 20% soybean hull, not differing (P>0,05) from the sugar-cane diet without hull. No differences were found (P>0,05) for urea excretion in the urine (UE) and milk urea nitrogen (MUL), with mean values 179,31 mg/kg PV and 12,59 mg/dl, respectively. Plasma urea nirogen (PUL) was lower (P<0,05) in the corn silage diet than sugar-cane diets without hull and with 20% soybean hull. Among the sugar-cane based diets, the one including 10% coffee hull gave lower (P<0,05) levels of NUP. The nitrogen compounds balance (NB) of the sugar-cane diet with 10% coffee hull was lower (P<0,05) than the diets with corn silage and sugar-cane without hull, but it did not differ (P>0,05) from the diet with 20% soybean hull; however, NB was positive in all diets. Microbial nitrogen compounds synthesis and microbial efficiency were not influenced by the diets (P>0,05), with mean values of 273 g/day and 130,08 gPBmic/kg NDT, respectively. Inclusion levels in sugar-cane based diets, with 10% coffee hull or 20% soybean hull, replacing corn, for cows producing 20 kg of milk, can be used according to availability and economic convenience. Keywords: Intake; digestibility; milk production efficiency; milk urea nitrogen; microbial protein; profitability.
The objective of his work was to evaluate the effect of corn grain replacement by coffee hull or soybean hull in sugar-cane based diets, with 60% concentrate, for dairy cows, on intake and apparent nutrient digestibility, milk production and composition, animal body weight variation , body reserve mobilization, ingestive behavior and milk activity economic performance, pH and ruminal liquid ammonia concentration, urea excretion in the urine, plasma and milk urea concentration, nitrogen compounds balance and microbial protein production, compared with corn silage diet. 12 purebred and crossbred Holstein cows were assigned to three 4X4 latin squares, balanced according to lactation period. Diets were isonitrogenous, with 14% crude protein, based on dry matter (DM). Diet control consisted of corn silage (AG-1051) and 40% concentrate, in DM. Three sugar-cane based diets (RB 73-9735) with 60% concentrate were used, with corn being replaced by 0% hull (without hull), 10% coffee hull or 20% soybean hull, in DM total diet. DM intake, organic matter (OM) and total carboydrates (TC) did not differ (P>0,05) among diets, whereas neutral detergent fiber intake (NDF), no fiber carboydrates (NFC), ether extract (EE), caffeine and total polyphenols (TPF) differ (P<0,05). In spite of the crude protein intake (CP) and observed total digestible nutrients (TDNobs) differ (P<0,05) among diets, they were enough to meet the nutrient requirements. No differences were observed (P>0,05) for the coefficients of apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, TC, NFC, and TDNobs. The FDN coefficient of apparent digestibility was higter (P <0,05) for the diet based on corn silage compared to diets with sugar-cane without hull and with 10% coffee hull, but it was not different (P>0,05) from the sugar-cane diet with 20% soybean hull. There were no differences (P>0,05) for milk production with and without correction for 3,5% fat, body weight variation, plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), milk crude protein (CP), fat (F), total solids (TS), and daily productions of CP, F, lactose (LA), TS and non fat solids (NFS) among the diets. The average times spent with feeding and rumination for the corn based silage diet were higher (P<0,05) than the ones obtained with the sugar-cane based diets, which did not differ (P>0,05). The simulations of economic performance of the milk production system indicated that the replacement of the corn silage diet in the dry period of the year by sugar-cane diets, showed potential for increasing the rate of return on the capital (% per year), being dependent of favorable combinations of sugar-cane relative costs and of the concentrate relative prices, mainly corn. Ruminal pH did not differ (P>0,05) at the collection times zero and three hours after the morning feeding. Immediately before the feeding there was no difference (P>0,05) for ruminal ammonia concentration. However, three hours after feeding, the sugar-cane based diet with 10% coffee hull showed lower concentration (P<0,05) of ruminal ammonia than the diets containing corn silage and sugar-cane with 20% soybean hull, not differing (P>0,05) from the sugar-cane diet without hull. No differences were found (P>0,05) for urea excretion in the urine (UE) and milk urea nitrogen (MUL), with mean values 179,31 mg/kg PV and 12,59 mg/dl, respectively. Plasma urea nirogen (PUL) was lower (P<0,05) in the corn silage diet than sugar-cane diets without hull and with 20% soybean hull. Among the sugar-cane based diets, the one including 10% coffee hull gave lower (P<0,05) levels of NUP. The nitrogen compounds balance (NB) of the sugar-cane diet with 10% coffee hull was lower (P<0,05) than the diets with corn silage and sugar-cane without hull, but it did not differ (P>0,05) from the diet with 20% soybean hull; however, NB was positive in all diets. Microbial nitrogen compounds synthesis and microbial efficiency were not influenced by the diets (P>0,05), with mean values of 273 g/day and 130,08 gPBmic/kg NDT, respectively. Inclusion levels in sugar-cane based diets, with 10% coffee hull or 20% soybean hull, replacing corn, for cows producing 20 kg of milk, can be used according to availability and economic convenience. Keywords: Intake; digestibility; milk production efficiency; milk urea nitrogen; microbial protein; profitability.
Descrição
Dissertação de mestrado defendida na Universidade Federal de Viçosa.
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Citação
OLIVEIRA, A. S. Casca de café ou casca de soja em substituição ao milho em dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar para vacas leiteiras. 2005. 97 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Zootecnia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG. 2005.