Microscopia eletrônica de varredura do endosperma de café (Coffea arabica L.) durante o processo de secagem
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Data
2007-02-09
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Universidade Federal de Lavras
Resumo
Após a colheita do café, o tipo de processamento usado, o método de secagem e as condições de armazenamento contribuem para a definição da qualidade final do café. A manutenção da integridade das membranas celulares, entre outros eventos, é um forte indicativo de que a qualidade do café foi preservada na pós-colheita. Objetivou-se neste trabalho, analisar o efeito de diferentes métodos de secagem na manutenção da integridade da parede celular e da membrana plasmática de café natural e café despolpado buscando determinar as condições e o momento em que ocorrem as rupturas microscópicas. Cafés despolpados e cafés em sua forma natural foram submetidos ao processo de secagem em terreiro e secagem com ar aquecido. O café natural e o despolpado foram divididos em parcelas distintas no terreiro e submetidos a um período de pré-secagem. Após este período, uma parcela de cada tipo de café, foi conduzida à secagem mecânica e as demais parcelas permaneceram no terreiro para secagem completa ao sol. A secagem mecânica foi conduzida em dois secadores de camada fixa com ar aquecido a 40oC e 60oC, até o café atingir o teor de água de 11% (b.u.). Para a caracterização da cinética de secagem, foram retiradas amostras a cada 1 hora e determinado o teor de água. As temperaturas da massa de café foram medidas a cada 30 minutos. Durante a secagem, grãos foram aleatoriamente amostrados e fragmentos do endosperma preparados para a microscopia eletrônica de varredura, no aparelho LEO EVO 40 XVP. Foram geradas e registradas digitalmente diversas imagens para cada amostra. Nas eletromicrografias geradas, foram feitas análises ultra- estruturais e medições nas células, avaliando-se as alterações na membrana plasmática bem como as variações da área celular em função do teor de água e do tempo de secagem. A partir dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que durante a secagem em terreiro e à temperatura de 40°C, o citoplasma das células do endosperma dos grãos de cafés despolpado e natural com 11% (b.u.) de teor de água apresentou-se intacto e que o espaço entre a membrana plasmática e a parede celular apresentou-se vazio. Entretanto, durante a secagem a 60°C, observou-se no endosperma dos cafés natural e despolpado com teor de água de 20% (b.u.) total preenchimento do lúmen celular possivelmente em conseqüência do extravasamento de parte do conteúdo do citoplasma, indicando o comprometimento das estruturas celulares. A variação na área das células do endosperma do café depende do tipo de processamento usado e das condições de secagem, entretanto, o fenômeno da contração e expansão diferenciou-se na intensidade e momento de ocorrência. Essas oscilações podem estar relacionadas com o comprometimento da integridade da membrana plasmática. A maior taxa de variação do citoplasma foi na secagem à temperatura de 60oC, na fase intermediária, na qual o teor de água encontrou-se entre 30% e 20% (b.u.), observando-se o comprometimento da estrutura celular nessa fase.
After harvesting the type of processing and drying method used and the storage conditions contribute to the final drinking quality of coffee. The maintenance of the integrity of the cellular membranes, among other events, is a strong indicator that the quality of the coffee was preserved after harvesting. Therefore, this work aimed to analyze the effect of different drying methods in the maintenance of the integrity of the cell walls and plasma membrane of natural and de-pulped coffee in order to determine the conditions and the moment that microscopic ruptures take place. De-pulped and natural coffees were submitted to the drying process under sun light and with heated air. Natural and de-pulped coffees were divided in different parcels under sun light and submitted to a pre-drying period. After this period, a parcel of coffee was mechanically dried and other parcel stayed under sun light to dry completely. The mechanical drying was performed in two dryers of fixed layers with heated air to 40oC and 60oC until the coffee reach the water content of 11%. For characterization of the drying kinetics, samples were taken every hour and had the water content determined. The temperatures of the mass of coffee were measured every 30 minutes. During drying coffee grains were randomly sampled and fragments of the endosperm were prepared for scanning electronic microscopy using the equipment LEO EVO 40 XVP. For each sample images were generated and registered digitally. In the electromicrographs generated were performed ultra-structural analyses and measurements in the cells, evaluating changes in the plasma membrane as well as variations in the cellular area in function of the water content and period of drying. From the results obtained we concluded that during drying under sun light and at the temperature of 40°C, the cytoplasm of the cells of the endosperm of coffee grains de-pulped and natural with 11% of moisture content was intact and the space between the plasma membrane and cell wall was empty. However, during the drying to 60°C, it was observed for natural and de-pulped coffees with water content of 20% that the cellular lumen was filled possibly as a consequence of leaching of part of the cellular content of the cytoplasm, indicating the changes in the cellular structures. The variation in the area of the cells of the endosperm of the coffee depends on the type of processing method and the drying conditions used, albeit the phenomenon of cell contraction and expansion differed in intensity and moment of occurrence. Those changes can be related to the changes in plasma membrane integrity. The largest rate of variation of the cytoplasm was observed when the grains were dried the temperature of 60oC, in the intermediate phase, with water content of 30% and 20%, where were observed changes in the cellular structure in this phase.
After harvesting the type of processing and drying method used and the storage conditions contribute to the final drinking quality of coffee. The maintenance of the integrity of the cellular membranes, among other events, is a strong indicator that the quality of the coffee was preserved after harvesting. Therefore, this work aimed to analyze the effect of different drying methods in the maintenance of the integrity of the cell walls and plasma membrane of natural and de-pulped coffee in order to determine the conditions and the moment that microscopic ruptures take place. De-pulped and natural coffees were submitted to the drying process under sun light and with heated air. Natural and de-pulped coffees were divided in different parcels under sun light and submitted to a pre-drying period. After this period, a parcel of coffee was mechanically dried and other parcel stayed under sun light to dry completely. The mechanical drying was performed in two dryers of fixed layers with heated air to 40oC and 60oC until the coffee reach the water content of 11%. For characterization of the drying kinetics, samples were taken every hour and had the water content determined. The temperatures of the mass of coffee were measured every 30 minutes. During drying coffee grains were randomly sampled and fragments of the endosperm were prepared for scanning electronic microscopy using the equipment LEO EVO 40 XVP. For each sample images were generated and registered digitally. In the electromicrographs generated were performed ultra-structural analyses and measurements in the cells, evaluating changes in the plasma membrane as well as variations in the cellular area in function of the water content and period of drying. From the results obtained we concluded that during drying under sun light and at the temperature of 40°C, the cytoplasm of the cells of the endosperm of coffee grains de-pulped and natural with 11% of moisture content was intact and the space between the plasma membrane and cell wall was empty. However, during the drying to 60°C, it was observed for natural and de-pulped coffees with water content of 20% that the cellular lumen was filled possibly as a consequence of leaching of part of the cellular content of the cytoplasm, indicating the changes in the cellular structures. The variation in the area of the cells of the endosperm of the coffee depends on the type of processing method and the drying conditions used, albeit the phenomenon of cell contraction and expansion differed in intensity and moment of occurrence. Those changes can be related to the changes in plasma membrane integrity. The largest rate of variation of the cytoplasm was observed when the grains were dried the temperature of 60oC, in the intermediate phase, with water content of 30% and 20%, where were observed changes in the cellular structure in this phase.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado defendida na Universidade Federal de Lavras
Palavras-chave
Processamento, Integridade celular, Métodos de secagem, Café natural, Café despolpado
Citação
SAATH, R. Microscopia eletrônica de varredura do endosperma de café (Coffea arabica L.) durante o processo de secagem. 2007. 90 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Agrícola) - Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras. 2007.