Recolhimento mecanizado do café em função do manejo do solo e da declividade do terreno
Data
2016
Autores
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Editor
Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”
Resumo
A colheita do café de varrição é uma prática essencial na cafeicultura nos dias de hoje, pois o café caído de forma natural somado ao caído pela operação da colhedora fazem com que até 25% da produção esteja no solo, valor este dependendente de vários fatores relacionados à planta e às colhedoras utilizadas. Nos últimos anos, a mecanização deste processo se tornou comum, principalmente devido à oneração e à indisponibilidade de mão de obra. Porém, os poucos estudos existentes com estas máquinas dificultam as tomadas de decisões quanto às suas regulagens. Observações de campo sugerem que as recolhedoras apresentem alta sensibilidade às condições do solo e do material a ser recolhido. O uso de subsolagem nas lavouras é o fato considerado pelos produtores como o maior problema do recolhimento necessitando de alguma alternativa para reduzir os efeitos negativos. A declividade também é vista como entrave, pois o serviço deve ser realizado com menor velocidade, o que reduz a capacidade operacional e interfere no planejamento da colheita. Neste trabalho foram realizados dois estudos: no primeiro analisou-se quali-quantitativamente as operações de varrição e recolhimento em quatro manejos do solo subsolado e, no segundo, verificou-se a capacidade e a eficiência operacionais em quatro faixas de declividade. Os manejos do solo estudados foram: grade após subsolagem; trituração após subsolagem; gradagem e trituração após subsolagem; além de um padrão de comparação sem subsolagem. Para o trabalho de declividade adotou-se entrelinhas com faixas de 0,0 a 5,0%; 5,1 a 10,0%; 10,1 a 15,0% e 15,1 a 20,0% de declividade. Os experimentos foram realizados em duas propriedades no município de Presidente Olegário – MG, sob delineamento disposto em faixas, sendo utilizado o controle estatístico de processos para avaliar a qualidade das operações no primeiro estudo e teste de médias para analisar as capacidades e eficiências operacionais no segundo estudo. No primeiro estudo, a maior qualidade foi obtida para o manejo com grade e triturador após subsolagem, favorecendo menor quantidade de perdas e menor nível de impureza do café recolhido. O manejo apenas com grade após subsolagem apresentou os piores indicadores de qualidade. No segundo estudo, a declividade do terreno a partir de 15,1%, interferem no desempenho da recolhedora, reduzindo significativamente a capacidade de campo efetiva e operacional. Declividades de até 20% não prejudicam a eficiência de limpeza, por outro lado, para eficiência de recolhimento, declividades superiores a 15% reduzem de forma significativa o desempenho das máquinas.
Sweeping coffee harvest is an essential practice in coffee production these days, because the fallen coffee in a natural way added to the fallen by the harvester operation make up 25% of production is in the soil, an amount dependent on several related factors to the plant and used harvesters. In recent years, the mechanization of this process has become common, mainly due to the encumbrance and the unavailability of manpower. However, few studies with these machines difficult the decisions made in respect of their settings. Field observations suggest that the harvesters have high sensitivity to ground conditions and the material to be gathered. The use of subsoiling in the fields is the fact considered by producers as the largest problem of the gathering needing an alternative to reduce the negative effects. The slope is also seen as an obstacle, because the service must be performed with lower speed, which reduces the operational capacity and interferes with the planning of the harvest. This work were realized two studies: the first analyzed qualitative and quantitatively the sweeping and gathering operations in four managements of soil subsoiled and in the second, it was the capacity and operational efficiency in four slopes ranges. The managements of the soil studied were: harrow after subsoiling; crushing after subsoiling; harrowing and crushing after subsoiling; beyond of a standard comparison without subsoiling. For the work of slopes was adopted interrows with tracks 0.0 to 5.0%; 5.1 to 10.0%; 10.1 to 15.0% and 15.1 to 20.0% of slope. The experiments were conducted in two properties in the municipality of Presidente Olegário - MG, Brazil, under design disposed in strips, being used the statistical process control to assess the quality of operations in the first study and mean test to analyze the capacities and operational efficiencies in the second study. In the first study the highest quality is obtained for management with harrow and crusher after Subsoiling, favoring lower amount of losses and lower impurity level of the gathered coffee. The management only with harrow after Subsoiling has the worst indicators of quality. In the second study, the slope of the land, from 15.1%, interferes in the performance of the harvester, significantly reducing the effective field capacity and operational. Slopes up to 20% does not impair the cleaning efficiency, on the other hand, for gathering efficiency, slopes higher than 15% significantly reduces the performance of the machines.
Sweeping coffee harvest is an essential practice in coffee production these days, because the fallen coffee in a natural way added to the fallen by the harvester operation make up 25% of production is in the soil, an amount dependent on several related factors to the plant and used harvesters. In recent years, the mechanization of this process has become common, mainly due to the encumbrance and the unavailability of manpower. However, few studies with these machines difficult the decisions made in respect of their settings. Field observations suggest that the harvesters have high sensitivity to ground conditions and the material to be gathered. The use of subsoiling in the fields is the fact considered by producers as the largest problem of the gathering needing an alternative to reduce the negative effects. The slope is also seen as an obstacle, because the service must be performed with lower speed, which reduces the operational capacity and interferes with the planning of the harvest. This work were realized two studies: the first analyzed qualitative and quantitatively the sweeping and gathering operations in four managements of soil subsoiled and in the second, it was the capacity and operational efficiency in four slopes ranges. The managements of the soil studied were: harrow after subsoiling; crushing after subsoiling; harrowing and crushing after subsoiling; beyond of a standard comparison without subsoiling. For the work of slopes was adopted interrows with tracks 0.0 to 5.0%; 5.1 to 10.0%; 10.1 to 15.0% and 15.1 to 20.0% of slope. The experiments were conducted in two properties in the municipality of Presidente Olegário - MG, Brazil, under design disposed in strips, being used the statistical process control to assess the quality of operations in the first study and mean test to analyze the capacities and operational efficiencies in the second study. In the first study the highest quality is obtained for management with harrow and crusher after Subsoiling, favoring lower amount of losses and lower impurity level of the gathered coffee. The management only with harrow after Subsoiling has the worst indicators of quality. In the second study, the slope of the land, from 15.1%, interferes in the performance of the harvester, significantly reducing the effective field capacity and operational. Slopes up to 20% does not impair the cleaning efficiency, on the other hand, for gathering efficiency, slopes higher than 15% significantly reduces the performance of the machines.
Descrição
Dissertação de mestrado defendida na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”
Palavras-chave
Colheita mecanizada, Subsolagem, Café de varrição, Máquinas agrícolas
Citação
TAVARES, T. O. Recolhimento mecanizado do café em função do manejo do solo e da declividade do terreno. 2016. 58 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Agronomia) - Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Jaboticabal. 2016.