Diagnóstico da aplicação de águas residuárias da suinocultura na cafeicultura irrigada das regiões do Triângulo Mineiro e Alto Parnaíba-MG
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Data
2002
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
As águas residuárias da suinocultura apresentam elevado potencial poluidor do meio ambiente, por serem ricas em material orgânico em suspensão e constituintes orgânicos e inorgânicos em solução. No entanto, se manejadas de forma adequada, constituem fonte de água e nutrientes às culturas. Tradicionais na exploração da cultura do café, as regiões do Triângulo Mineiro e Alto Paranaíba - MG vêm se destacando também na cafeicultura irrigada, pois a deficiência hídrica é uma das condições que mais limitam a produção primária dos ecossistemas e o rendimento das culturas. Algumas propriedades cafeicultoras, entretanto, possuem consórcio com granjas suinícolas. Pela problemhtica relacionada ao destino das águas residuárias advindas dessa atividade agroindustrial, tornou-se objetivo deste trabalho um diagnóstico da aplicação de águas residuárias da suinocultura (ARS), visando avaliar a uniformidade de distribuição de ARS através de sistemas de irrigação na cafeicultura, caracterizar a ARS conforme sua origem e avaliar comparativamente perfis de solo com e sem aplicação. O trabalho desenvolveu-se em quatro etapas. Seguindo o critério da aplicação de ARS usado pelos cafeicultores das regiões, foram selecionadas 11 propriedades, através da ASTAP (Associação dos Suinocultores do Triângulo Mineiro e Alto Paranaíba - MG). Primeiramente foram aplicados questionários aos produtores, de maneira a caracterizar a propriedade, sua localidade, área total, área cafeeira, área cafeeira adubada com ARS, manejo adotado com os animais, tipos de produção, sistemas de criação, formas de aplicação dos dejetos ao solo, sistemas de irrigação e bombeamento adotados e os problemas advindos desta prática. Observou-se manejo inadequado das águas residuárias da suinocultura (armazenamento, tratamento, disposição), com 90% dos suinocultores ainda utilizando a chorumeira para aplicação de ARS na cafeicultura; 64% das propriedades diagnosticadas tiveram problemas com a utilização de bombas centrífugas e hoje utilizam bombas helicoidais para recalque das águas residuárias da suinocultura. Em uma segunda etapa, realizaram-se avaliações de uniformidade em sistemas de irrigação por aspersão e localizada, aplicando águas residuhrias em áreas exploradas com a cultura do café, sem interferir no manejo adotado pelos proprietários. O sistema que obteve os melhores coeficientes de uniformidade foi o gotejamento, apresentando valores de coeficiente de uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC) de 94% e coeficiente de uniformidade de distribuição (CUD) de 90%. A pouca idade do sistema (1 ano), o monitoramento constante das pressões no final das linhas laterais, o manejo com a ARS e a limpeza após as fertirrigações com águas residuárias podem ser causas da alta uniformidade. O sistema por autopropelido apresentou os valores mais baixos de CUC e CUD: 53 e 28%, respectivamente. Como terceira parte do trabalho, coletaram-se amostras de águas residuárias advindas de diversas localidades, objetivando caracterizá-las conforme sua origem. Ocorreu grande variabilidade entre as amostras, mais de 90% para alguns elementos analisados. Por último, foram avaliados comparativamente perfis de solo em áreas com e sem aplicação de águas residuárias dentro de uma propriedade, com o objetivo de verificar a influência da aplicação de ARS em suas características. Os solos das áreas que receberam ARS, de modo geral, apresentaram os maiores teores dos elementos analisados na camada superficial (O a 20 cm).
The swine confinement wastewater contains a high potential for environmental pollution, since they are rich in suspended organic material and inorganic components under solution. However, when adequately managed they are water sources, besides supplying nutrients to the crops. The Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba regions, in Minas Gerais State, have been traditionally exploring coffee crop, and are also distinguished in irrigated coffee cropping, since the water deficit is one of the most limiting conditions to the primary production in the ecosystems and crop yields as well. However, some coffee-cropping properties are consorted with swine raising farms. Considering the problem concerning to the destiny of the wastewater from this agroindustry activity, this study aimed at diagnosing the application of the swine confrnernent wastewater (ARS) in order to evaluate the uniformity of the ARS distribution through irrigation systems in coffee crop, as well as to characterize the ARS according to its origin and compare the soil profiles with and without ARS application. The research was developed into four stages. Following the approach of SRS application used by coffee growers in these areas, 11 rural properties were selected through ASTAP (Swine Grower Association of Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba-MG). First, some questionnaires were applied to producers, in such a way to characterize the rural property as its place, total area, coffee cropping area, coffee cropping area fertilized with ARS, the adopted animal management, production types, growing systems, forms of excreta application to the soil, the systems adopted in irrigation and pumping as well as the problems resulting from this practice. An inadequate management of the swine confinement wastewater was observed (storage, treatment, disposition), while 90% swine growers were still using the leachate for ARS application on coffee crop, 64% of these rural properties showed to have problems concerning to the use of centrifugal pumps, and today the propeller pumps are used in lifting the swine confinement wastewater. At the second stage, evaluations for uniformity in sprinkle and localized irrigation systems were performed, by applying the wastewater on coffee-cropped areas, but not interfering in the management adopted by farmers. The trickle irrigation system showed the best uniformity coefficients, as attained a value of 94% for Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CUC) and 90% for the distribution uniformity coefficient (CUD). This high uniformity level might be caused by: the trickle irrigation system has been used for only one year, the constant monitoring of the pressures at the end of the lateral lines, the ARS management and cleaning after the fertirrigation with the swine wastewater. The lowest values for CUC and CUD were shown by the self-propelled gun irrigation system, that is, 53 and 28% respectively. At the third stage, a number of swine wastewater samples from several places were collected in order to be characterize according to their origin. A wide variability occurred among samples, and more than 90% for some analyzed elements. Finally, the soil profiles in areas with and without application of wastewater were comparatively evaluated with& one property aiming at verifying the influence of the ARS application on their characteristics. In general, the soils in those areas receiving ARS presented the highest contents of the elements analyzed at the surface layer (O to 20 cm).
The swine confinement wastewater contains a high potential for environmental pollution, since they are rich in suspended organic material and inorganic components under solution. However, when adequately managed they are water sources, besides supplying nutrients to the crops. The Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba regions, in Minas Gerais State, have been traditionally exploring coffee crop, and are also distinguished in irrigated coffee cropping, since the water deficit is one of the most limiting conditions to the primary production in the ecosystems and crop yields as well. However, some coffee-cropping properties are consorted with swine raising farms. Considering the problem concerning to the destiny of the wastewater from this agroindustry activity, this study aimed at diagnosing the application of the swine confrnernent wastewater (ARS) in order to evaluate the uniformity of the ARS distribution through irrigation systems in coffee crop, as well as to characterize the ARS according to its origin and compare the soil profiles with and without ARS application. The research was developed into four stages. Following the approach of SRS application used by coffee growers in these areas, 11 rural properties were selected through ASTAP (Swine Grower Association of Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba-MG). First, some questionnaires were applied to producers, in such a way to characterize the rural property as its place, total area, coffee cropping area, coffee cropping area fertilized with ARS, the adopted animal management, production types, growing systems, forms of excreta application to the soil, the systems adopted in irrigation and pumping as well as the problems resulting from this practice. An inadequate management of the swine confinement wastewater was observed (storage, treatment, disposition), while 90% swine growers were still using the leachate for ARS application on coffee crop, 64% of these rural properties showed to have problems concerning to the use of centrifugal pumps, and today the propeller pumps are used in lifting the swine confinement wastewater. At the second stage, evaluations for uniformity in sprinkle and localized irrigation systems were performed, by applying the wastewater on coffee-cropped areas, but not interfering in the management adopted by farmers. The trickle irrigation system showed the best uniformity coefficients, as attained a value of 94% for Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CUC) and 90% for the distribution uniformity coefficient (CUD). This high uniformity level might be caused by: the trickle irrigation system has been used for only one year, the constant monitoring of the pressures at the end of the lateral lines, the ARS management and cleaning after the fertirrigation with the swine wastewater. The lowest values for CUC and CUD were shown by the self-propelled gun irrigation system, that is, 53 and 28% respectively. At the third stage, a number of swine wastewater samples from several places were collected in order to be characterize according to their origin. A wide variability occurred among samples, and more than 90% for some analyzed elements. Finally, the soil profiles in areas with and without application of wastewater were comparatively evaluated with& one property aiming at verifying the influence of the ARS application on their characteristics. In general, the soils in those areas receiving ARS presented the highest contents of the elements analyzed at the surface layer (O to 20 cm).
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado defendida na Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Palavras-chave
Águas residuárias da suinocultura Aproveitamento Manejo Café Irrigação Uso para irrigação Solos Caracterização Efeito de águas residuárias, Swine confinement wastewater Use for irrigation Management Coffee Irrigation Soil charcterization
Citação
Gonçalves, Roberta Alessandra Bruschi. Diagnóstico da aplicação de águas residuárias da suinocultura na cafeicultura irrigada das regiões do Triângulo Mineiro e Alto Parnaíba-MG. Viçosa : UFV, 2002. 54p. : il. (Dissertação - mestrado em Engenharia Agrícola) Orientador: Everardo Chartuni Mantovani