Compostos fenólicos de resíduos agroindustriais: identificação, propriedades biológicas e aplicação em matriz alimentar de base lipídica
Data
2016
Autores
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Editor
Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”- Universidade de São Paulo
Resumo
A geração de resíduos sólidos pelas atividades agroindustriais tem criado a demanda por um reaproveitamento tecnológico desses materiais. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial bioativo e tecnológico de resíduos agroindustriais, como fontes naturais de compostos fenólicos com atividade antioxidante. Foram analisados resíduos agroindustriais vinícolas, de indústrias produtoras de polpas congeladas de frutas (açaí, cajá, cupuaçu e graviola) e provenientes do beneficiamento de café e de laranja. Inicialmente, foi realizado um estudo para a determinação das condições ótimas de extração, empregando planejamento experimental multivariado com delineamento composto central rotacional, cujos resultados foram avaliados empregando a técnica de superfície de resposta. Na sequência, foram feitos a triagem dos resíduos, baseada na atividade antioxidante, e a caracterização fenólica dos extratos hidroalcoólicos obtidos dos resíduos agroindustriais. De acordo com os resultados de atividade antioxidante, engaço de uva da variedade Chenin Blanc (EC) e semente de açaí (SA) foram os resíduos selecionados, os quais seguiram para as etapas de concentração e fracionamento bioguiado de sua(s) molécula(s) bioativa(s), as quais foram posteriormente identificadas por UHPLC-ESI-LTQ-MS. Extratos brutos e concentrados foram avaliados in vitro quanto à capacidade de desativação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (radicais peroxila, ânion superóxido e ácido hipocloroso) e então, aplicados em óleo de soja, emulsão e suspensão de lipossomos, a fim de se avaliar a efetividade desses extratos como antioxidante natural em matrizes lipídicas. Concentrações intermediárias de etanol (40-60%) e alta temperatura (96°C), exceto para semente de açaí (25°C), foram as condições ótimas para a extração de antioxidantes dos resíduos agroindustriais. Epicatequina, ácido gálico, catequina e procianidina B1 foram os compostos de maior ocorrência, quando avaliados pela técnica de HPLC-DAD. O EC apresentou a maior atividade antioxidante global e SA a maior atividade entre os resíduos de polpas de frutas, laranja e café. A concentração dos extratos brutos de EC e SA, pela resina Amberlite XAD ® -2, produziu aumento significativo da atividade antioxidante. Além disso, extratos brutos e concentrados apresentaram atividade antiproliferativa e anti-inflamatória. Os extratos concentrados foram fracionados por meio de Sephadex LH-20, a partir da qual foi possível identificar quatro frações de maior bioatividade para o EC e três para o SA. Procianidina B1, catequina, epicatequina e resveratrol foram identificados no extrato concentrado e frações de EC. Dezoito procianidinas poliméricas, catequina, epicatequina foram os principais compostos identificados em SA, por meio de UHPLC-ESI-LTQ-MS. Resveratrol também foi encontrado em SA pela primeira vez. Quando avaliados em óleo de soja, EC e SA demonstraram atividade pro-oxidante. Contudo, elevada atividade antioxidante foi verificada quando essas amostras foram aplicadas em sistemas lipídicos coloidais, pois retardaram o consumo de oxigênio em uma emulsão óleo/água e o período de indução na produção de dienos conjugados em uma suspensão de lipossomos. Portanto, os resíduos agroindustriais EC e SA possuem potencial tecnológico de reaproveitamento industrial podendo ser considerados possíveis matérias-primas para a obtenção de extratos ricos em antioxidantes ou pela extração de antioxidantes naturais de uso pelas indústrias farmacêutica e/ou de alimentos.
The solid waste generation by agroindustrial activities have created the demand for a technology reuse of these materials. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioactive and technological potential of agroindustrial residues as sources of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. Agroindustrial residues from wineries, from industries producing frozen fruit pulps (acai, caja, cupuaçu and soursop) and from the processing of coffee and orange, were analyzed. Initially, a study using a multivariate experimental planning with central composite rotatable design was performed, whose results were evaluated by response surface technique. After, it was made the screening based on the antioxidant activity and the phenolic characterization of hydroalcoholic extracts of optimized agroindustrial residues. According to the results obtained for the antioxidant activity the residues grape stem from the variety Chenin Blanc (EC) and açaí seed (SA) were selected and followed to the steps of concentration and bioguided fractionation of their(s) molecule(s) bioactive(s), which were subsequently identified by UHPLC-ESI-LTQ-MS. Crude and concentrated extracts were evaluated in vitro for the deactivation capability of reactive oxygen species (peroxyl radicals, superoxide and hypochlorous acid) and then applied to soybean oil, emulsion and liposome suspension in order to evaluate the effectiveness these extracts as natural antioxidant in lipid matrices. Intermediate concentrations of ethanol (40-60%) and high temperature (96 °C), except for acai seed (25 °C) were the optimal conditions for the extraction of antioxidants from agroindustrial residues. Epicatechin, gallic acid, catechin and procyanidin B1 compounds were the most frequent molecules, when assessed by HPLC-DAD. The EC had the highest overall antioxidant activity and SA the greatest activity between residues of fruit pulp, orange and coffee. Concentration of the crude extracts of EC and SA, by Amberlite XAD ® -2 resin, produced a significant increase in antioxidant activity. Furthermore, crude and concentrated extracts showed antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activity. The concentrated extracts were fractionated by Sephadex LH-20, from which it was possible to identify four fractions of greater bioactivity for the EC and three for SA. Procyanidin B1, catechin, epicatechin and resveratrol were identified in the concentrated extract and EC fractions. Eighteen polymeric procyanidins, catechin, epicatechin were the major compounds identified in SA by UHPLC-ESI-LTQ-MS. Resveratrol has also been found for the first time in SA. When evaluated in soybean oil, EC and SA demonstrated pro-oxidant activity. However, high antioxidant activity was observed when these samples were evaluated on lipid colloidal systems, for delayed oxygen consumption in an emulsion oil/water and the induction period in the production of conjugated dienes in a liposome suspension. Therefore, the agroindustrial residues EC and SA have technological potential for industrial reuse and, thus, can be considered as raw material for obtaining antioxidant-rich extracts or by extraction of natural antioxidants useful for pharmaceutical and/or food industries.
The solid waste generation by agroindustrial activities have created the demand for a technology reuse of these materials. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioactive and technological potential of agroindustrial residues as sources of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. Agroindustrial residues from wineries, from industries producing frozen fruit pulps (acai, caja, cupuaçu and soursop) and from the processing of coffee and orange, were analyzed. Initially, a study using a multivariate experimental planning with central composite rotatable design was performed, whose results were evaluated by response surface technique. After, it was made the screening based on the antioxidant activity and the phenolic characterization of hydroalcoholic extracts of optimized agroindustrial residues. According to the results obtained for the antioxidant activity the residues grape stem from the variety Chenin Blanc (EC) and açaí seed (SA) were selected and followed to the steps of concentration and bioguided fractionation of their(s) molecule(s) bioactive(s), which were subsequently identified by UHPLC-ESI-LTQ-MS. Crude and concentrated extracts were evaluated in vitro for the deactivation capability of reactive oxygen species (peroxyl radicals, superoxide and hypochlorous acid) and then applied to soybean oil, emulsion and liposome suspension in order to evaluate the effectiveness these extracts as natural antioxidant in lipid matrices. Intermediate concentrations of ethanol (40-60%) and high temperature (96 °C), except for acai seed (25 °C) were the optimal conditions for the extraction of antioxidants from agroindustrial residues. Epicatechin, gallic acid, catechin and procyanidin B1 compounds were the most frequent molecules, when assessed by HPLC-DAD. The EC had the highest overall antioxidant activity and SA the greatest activity between residues of fruit pulp, orange and coffee. Concentration of the crude extracts of EC and SA, by Amberlite XAD ® -2 resin, produced a significant increase in antioxidant activity. Furthermore, crude and concentrated extracts showed antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activity. The concentrated extracts were fractionated by Sephadex LH-20, from which it was possible to identify four fractions of greater bioactivity for the EC and three for SA. Procyanidin B1, catechin, epicatechin and resveratrol were identified in the concentrated extract and EC fractions. Eighteen polymeric procyanidins, catechin, epicatechin were the major compounds identified in SA by UHPLC-ESI-LTQ-MS. Resveratrol has also been found for the first time in SA. When evaluated in soybean oil, EC and SA demonstrated pro-oxidant activity. However, high antioxidant activity was observed when these samples were evaluated on lipid colloidal systems, for delayed oxygen consumption in an emulsion oil/water and the induction period in the production of conjugated dienes in a liposome suspension. Therefore, the agroindustrial residues EC and SA have technological potential for industrial reuse and, thus, can be considered as raw material for obtaining antioxidant-rich extracts or by extraction of natural antioxidants useful for pharmaceutical and/or food industries.
Descrição
Tese de doutorado defendida na Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” - Universidade de São Paulo
Palavras-chave
Compostos fenólicos, Atividade antioxidante, Superfície de resposta, Oxidação lipídica, Atividade anti-inflamatória, Atividade antiproliferativa, Fracionamento bioguiado
Citação
MELO, P. S. Compostos fenólicos de resíduos agroindustriais: identificação, propriedades biológicas e aplicação em matriz alimentar de base lipídica. 2016. 181 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos) - Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba. 2016.