Leguminosas e plantas espontâneas em sistemas agroecológicos de produção de café
Data
2006-02-21
Autores
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Editor
Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
A agricultura familiar é predominante na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, e a utilização das terras se dá principalmente com a utilização de pastagem e do café, quase sempre consorciados com culturas de subsistência. A disponibilidade de nutrientes em sistemas agroecológicos é um dos fatores mais limitantes para a produção, principalmente em se tratando de áreas declivosas, cujo solo, em geral, tem menor fertilidade natural, como é o caso da Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. A manutenção da ciclagem de nutrientes nestes ambientes se faz necessária, tanto do ponto de vista nutricional para a cultura em questão, em especial o café, como para fins de recuperação e conservação ambientais, como redução da erosão e incremento da biodiversidade. Dentro de uma proposta agroecológica de geração de renda e qualidade de vida, torna-se imprescindível o uso de práticas que valorizem o conhecimento local e a preservação da diversidade de espécies nas propriedades, dentre elas a vegetação espontânea. Este trabalho teve como objetivos identificar o uso e o manejo das espécies espontâneas pelos agricultores familiares da Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, em sistemas de produção agroecológica, com enfoque nas áreas de cultivo de café; investigar a produção de biomassa, a velocidade de decomposição e a composição química e bioquímica das leguminosas Crotalaria spectabilis, Lablab purpureus, Cajanus cajan e de um conjunto de plantas espontâneas, em dois municípios com diferentes condições edafoclimáticas (Araponga e Pedra Dourada); e aprofundar a dinâmica de mineralização de C e N das leguminosas Crotalaria spectabilis, Lablab purpureus, Cajanus cajan e de um conjunto de plantas espontâneas, e as relações com a taxa de decomposição e a qualidade destes materiais vegetais nos dois municípios. Para isto, agricultores foram entrevistados e suas propriedades foram visitadas. Informações foram também coletadas durante encontros com os agricultores. Dezesseis espécies de plantas espontâneas apareceram como as mais comuns na lavoura de café. Quinze são utilizadas como cobertura do solo, duas como medicinal, três como alimento humano e uma como melífera. Uma única espécie pode ter mais de uma utilização pelo agricultor. Em relação às condições de fertilidade do solo, três são encontradas em solos com alta fertilidade, nove em fertilidade média, e quatro em fertilidade baixa. No que diz respeito à importância na nutrição do café, cinco têm muita importância, quatro têm importância média, e sete têm pouca importância. Das seis espécies que os agricultores deixam crescer nas áreas de cultivo, cinco delas têm importância para a nutrição do café, levando a crer que estas plantas cumprem um papel importante na ciclagem de nutrientes. L. purpureus apresentou menor produção de matéria seca (1,82 kg/ha) em Araponga, local com maior altitude, e os outros adubos não diferiram entre si e foram superiores à L. purpureus. Já em Pedra Dourada, todos os valores foram semelhantes. Em relação à composição química, os valores mais altos de N, em kg/ha, foram para C. cajan, que foi superior à L. purpureus, C. spectabilis e espontâneas. Os valores de P, K, Ca e Mg não diferiram entre todos os adubos verdes. C. spectabilis apresentou maior teor de nutrientes e L. purpureus, menor. Quanto à facilidade de decomposição, todas as leguminosas apresentaram-se com tendências semelhantes, à exceção de L. purpureus em Araponga, que se decompôs mais facilmente. Este material, por sua vez, possui relação PP/N maior, com o favorecimento, então, da decomposição em curto prazo. Pode-se concluir que as plantas espontâneas apresentaram-se com resultados semelhantes às leguminosas para composição química. Em geral, as taxas de decomposição foram maiores em menor altitude e em adubos com relação C/N, LG/PP, PP/N e (LG+PP)/N menores. Os maiores teores de C-CO 2 acumulados foram encontrados para C. cajan, e os menores para as espontâneas, este último podendo estar associado à maiores taxas de hemicelulose destas espécies. Os valores totais de C-CO2 foram maiores numa maior altitude. Em relação à dinâmica de N, houve predomínio de mineralização de N. Os maiores valores de N total mineralizado foram encontrados para C. cajan, em ambas as localidades, e os menores valores para espontâneas. Os valores em geral foram maiores em Pedra Dourada que em Araponga, diferença esta que pode ser atribuída às diferenças edafoclimáticas. O comportamento das espontâneas foi distinto das leguminosas, mas de relevância em médio prazo, em um sistema agroecológico que valorize a diversidade e o incremento da ciclagem de nutrientes. Pode-se concluir que o agricultor utiliza e maneja as espécies espontâneas com o fim de proteção do solo, ciclagem de nutrientes, alimento ou medicinal. Além disso, essas plantas podem ser boas indicadoras de qualidade do solo. É necessário valorizar e reconhecer o uso das plantas espontâneas e estudá-las, como alternativas para uma agricultura mais sustentável. É importante que haja interação de diferentes adubos verdes, combinando velocidade de decomposição às necessidades da cultura principal e aos objetivos do agricultor. Conclui-se também que a mineralização de C é influenciada pela relação lignina/polifenóis, e a mineralização de N pelo teor de polifenóis e pelas relações C/N, LG/N, PP/N e (LG+PP)/N.
Family farming predominates in Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais, with land being mainly used for pasture and coffee, most often intercropped with subsistence crops. Nutrient availability in agro-ecological systems is one of the most limiting factors for production, especially in slope areas, whose soil, in general, has lower natural fertility, such as Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. Maintaining nutrient cycling in these environments is necessary, both from the nutritional point of view for the culture of interest, especially coffee, and for environmental recovery and conservation, such as erosion reduction and biodiversity enhancement. As part of an agro-ecological proposal to generate income and quality of life, practices must be adopted to increase local knowledge and species diversity preservation on the farms, such as spontaneous vegetation. This work aimed to identify the use and management of spontaneous species by family farmers in Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais, in agro-ecological production systems, focusing on coffee plantation areas; to investigate biomass production, decomposition velocity and chemical and biochemical composition of the leguminous plants Crotalaria spectabilis, Lablab purpureus, Cajanus cajan and of a set of spontaneous plants in two municipalities with different edapho-climatic conditions (Araponga and Pedra Dourada); and to learn the dynamics of C and N mineralization of the leguminous plants Crotalaria spectabilis, Lablab purpureus, Cajanus cajan and of a set of spontaneous plants, and the relations with the decomposition rate and quality of these plant materials in both municipalities. Thus, farmers were interviewed and their properties visited. Information was also collected during meetings with the farmers. Sixteen species of spontaneous plants were considered to be the most common in the coffee crop. Fifteen are used as soil cover, two as medicinal plants, three as human food and one as melliferous plants. A single species can have more than one use by the farmer. Regarding soil fertility conditions, three species are found in soils with high fertility, nine in soils with medium fertility, and four in soils of low fertility. Regarding the importance of coffee nutrition, five species had high importance, four, medium importance, and seven, little importance. Out of the species that farmers allow to grow in the cultivation areas, five are important for coffee nutrition, leading to believe that these plants play an important role in nutrient cycling. L. purpureus presented a lower dry matter production (1.82 kg/ha) in Araponga, a place with higher altitude, and the other fertilizers did not differ from one another and were superior to L. purpureus. As for Pedra Dourada, all the values were similar. Regarding chemical composition, the highest N values in kg/ha, were for C. cajan, which was higher than L. purpureus, C. spectabilis and spontaneous plants. The P, K, Ca and Mg values did not differ among all the green fertilizers. C. spectabilis presented a higher content of nutrients and L. purpureus, a lower one. As for tendency for decomposition, all the leguminous plants presented similar behavior, except for L. purpureus in Araponga, which decomposed more easily. This material has a higher PP/N relation, which, in turn, favors a short-term decomposition. It can be concluded that the spontaneous plants presented results similar to those presented by the leguminous plants for chemical composition. Overall, the decomposition rates were higher under lower altitude and fertilizers with lower C/N, LG/PP, PP/N and (LG+PP)/N relation. The higher contents of C-CO 2 accumulated were found for C. cajan, and the lowest for the spontaneous species, with the latter possibly being associated with the higher hemi-cellulose rates of these species. The total values of C-CO 2 were higher at a higher altitude. With regard to the dynamics of N, there was a predominance of N mineralization. The highest values of total mineralized N were found for C. cajan, in both localities, and the lowest values for the spontaneous species. Values, overall, were higher in Pedra Dourada than in Araponga, with such difference likely being attributed to edapho-climatic differences. The behavior of the spontaneous species differed from that of the leguminous plants, but relevant in a medium term, under an agro-ecological system that values diversity and nutrient cycling enhancement. It can be concluded that the farmer uses and manages the spontaneous species to protect the soil, nutrient cycling, and plant production for food or medicinal purposes. In addition, these can be good indicators of soil quality. It is necessary to value and recognize the use of spontaneous plants and study them as alternatives for a more sustainable agriculture. Interaction of different green fertilizers should occur, combining decomposition velocity with the major crop’s needs and the farmer’s objectives. It is also concluded that C mineralization is influenced by the lignin/polyphenol relation, and N mineralization through the content of polyphenols and the C/N, LG/N, PP/N and (LG+PP)/N relations.
Family farming predominates in Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais, with land being mainly used for pasture and coffee, most often intercropped with subsistence crops. Nutrient availability in agro-ecological systems is one of the most limiting factors for production, especially in slope areas, whose soil, in general, has lower natural fertility, such as Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. Maintaining nutrient cycling in these environments is necessary, both from the nutritional point of view for the culture of interest, especially coffee, and for environmental recovery and conservation, such as erosion reduction and biodiversity enhancement. As part of an agro-ecological proposal to generate income and quality of life, practices must be adopted to increase local knowledge and species diversity preservation on the farms, such as spontaneous vegetation. This work aimed to identify the use and management of spontaneous species by family farmers in Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais, in agro-ecological production systems, focusing on coffee plantation areas; to investigate biomass production, decomposition velocity and chemical and biochemical composition of the leguminous plants Crotalaria spectabilis, Lablab purpureus, Cajanus cajan and of a set of spontaneous plants in two municipalities with different edapho-climatic conditions (Araponga and Pedra Dourada); and to learn the dynamics of C and N mineralization of the leguminous plants Crotalaria spectabilis, Lablab purpureus, Cajanus cajan and of a set of spontaneous plants, and the relations with the decomposition rate and quality of these plant materials in both municipalities. Thus, farmers were interviewed and their properties visited. Information was also collected during meetings with the farmers. Sixteen species of spontaneous plants were considered to be the most common in the coffee crop. Fifteen are used as soil cover, two as medicinal plants, three as human food and one as melliferous plants. A single species can have more than one use by the farmer. Regarding soil fertility conditions, three species are found in soils with high fertility, nine in soils with medium fertility, and four in soils of low fertility. Regarding the importance of coffee nutrition, five species had high importance, four, medium importance, and seven, little importance. Out of the species that farmers allow to grow in the cultivation areas, five are important for coffee nutrition, leading to believe that these plants play an important role in nutrient cycling. L. purpureus presented a lower dry matter production (1.82 kg/ha) in Araponga, a place with higher altitude, and the other fertilizers did not differ from one another and were superior to L. purpureus. As for Pedra Dourada, all the values were similar. Regarding chemical composition, the highest N values in kg/ha, were for C. cajan, which was higher than L. purpureus, C. spectabilis and spontaneous plants. The P, K, Ca and Mg values did not differ among all the green fertilizers. C. spectabilis presented a higher content of nutrients and L. purpureus, a lower one. As for tendency for decomposition, all the leguminous plants presented similar behavior, except for L. purpureus in Araponga, which decomposed more easily. This material has a higher PP/N relation, which, in turn, favors a short-term decomposition. It can be concluded that the spontaneous plants presented results similar to those presented by the leguminous plants for chemical composition. Overall, the decomposition rates were higher under lower altitude and fertilizers with lower C/N, LG/PP, PP/N and (LG+PP)/N relation. The higher contents of C-CO 2 accumulated were found for C. cajan, and the lowest for the spontaneous species, with the latter possibly being associated with the higher hemi-cellulose rates of these species. The total values of C-CO 2 were higher at a higher altitude. With regard to the dynamics of N, there was a predominance of N mineralization. The highest values of total mineralized N were found for C. cajan, in both localities, and the lowest values for the spontaneous species. Values, overall, were higher in Pedra Dourada than in Araponga, with such difference likely being attributed to edapho-climatic differences. The behavior of the spontaneous species differed from that of the leguminous plants, but relevant in a medium term, under an agro-ecological system that values diversity and nutrient cycling enhancement. It can be concluded that the farmer uses and manages the spontaneous species to protect the soil, nutrient cycling, and plant production for food or medicinal purposes. In addition, these can be good indicators of soil quality. It is necessary to value and recognize the use of spontaneous plants and study them as alternatives for a more sustainable agriculture. Interaction of different green fertilizers should occur, combining decomposition velocity with the major crop’s needs and the farmer’s objectives. It is also concluded that C mineralization is influenced by the lignin/polyphenol relation, and N mineralization through the content of polyphenols and the C/N, LG/N, PP/N and (LG+PP)/N relations.
Descrição
Dissertação de mestrado defendida na Universidade Federal de Viçosa.
Palavras-chave
Fertilidade do solo, Agricultura familiar, Cultivo consorciado, Café - Cultive, Café - Nutrição, leguminosa, Solos
Citação
SOUTO, R. L. Leguminosas e plantas espontâneas em sistemas agroecológicos de produção de café. 2006. 69 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Solos e Nutrição de Plantas) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG. 2006.