Transição agroecológica e sustentabilidade socioeconômica dos agricultores familiares do território do Caparaó-ES: o caso da cafeicultura
Data
2011-05-04
Autores
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Editor
Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro
Resumo
A presente tese foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de estudar o processo de transição agroecológica no Território do Caparaó-ES, buscando compreender os fatores que estão afetando esse processo entre os agricultores familiares e revelar as perspectivas de contribuição dos sistemas orgânicos/agroecológicos de produção para a sustentabilidade socioeconômica desses agricultores, com base no café arábica. Realizou-se um censo dos agricultores familiares que se encontravam em transição agroecológica no Território do Caparaó-ES, em 2009, e abordou-se técnicos que atuavam com enfoque agroecológico. Foram feitas análises comparativas entre os sistemas orgânico e convencionais de produção de café arábica, em termos de custo, rentabilidade (incluindo a análise de risco), demanda de mão de obra, autossuficiência em insumos, comercialização e saúde da família agricultora. O sistema orgânico se baseou nas experiências dos agricultores familiares convencionais tiveram (certificados) como da base os ACAOFI, enquanto coeficientes de os sistemas produção do Cedagro/Incaper, considerando as produtividades de 20, 40 e 60sc/ha. Demonstrou-se que o único sistema inviável foi o convencional com produtividade de 20sc/ha e que o sistema orgânico obteve as maiores rentabilidades, apesar de ter apresentado os maiores custos unitários. A análise de risco indicou que a produtividade e o preço do café foram as variáveis mais influentes na rentabilidade dos cafeicultores e que o sistema orgânico apresentou a menor probabilidade de se obter prejuízo. Verificou-se que no sistema orgânico a dependência de insumos externos foi reduzida em mais de 50%, mas aumentou a demanda de mão de obra. Para a maioria dos agricultores da ACAOFI, as relações comerciais não melhoraram no contexto da cafeicultura orgânica, mas acreditam que a saúde de sua família melhorou. Também foram considerados um agricultor familiar orgânico do município de Santa Maria de Jetibá-ES e outro de Dores do Rio Preto-ES, em transição agroecológica. O estudo revelou o potencial dos sistemas orgânicos/agroecológicos para proporcionar maior sustentabilidade à produção familiar. A transição agroecológica deve ser trabalhada aos poucos, respeitando a sustentabilidade socioeconômica, com progressiva adoção de técnicas agroecológicas e adequação ambiental das propriedades, sem vinculá- las, necessariamente, à implantação de sistemas orgânicos certificados, como faz o agricultor de Dores Rio Preto-ES. Os agricultores familiares precisam fazer a inversão da lógica agrícola vigente, maximizando o aproveitamento dos recursos locais. Por isso, torna-se fundamental estabelecer políticas públicas integradas, encadeando todas as ações necessárias e com dotação adequada de recursos, de modo a dar condições aos agricultores para que consigam superar as dificuldades e aproveitar todo o potencial. A disponibilidade de mais tecnologias e de assistência técnica com enfoque agroecológico, o crédito rural adequado à transição, o fomento e a comercialização justa são alguns dos grandes desafios a serem trabalhados. É preciso aperfeiçoar a eficiência técnica dos sistemas orgânicos/agroecológicos para melhorar seu desempenho econômico. Nesse sentido, também é preciso ampliar o número de extensionistas do Incaper com dedicação exclusiva na linha orgânica/agroecológica e oferecer capacitação continuada. Além disso, o Incaper deve priorizar a Agroecologia em sua política institucional e as escolas técnicas e de nível superior devem investir bem mais na formação profissional em Agroecologia.
This research was developed with the aim to study the process of agroecological transition in the Caparaó Territory, Espírito Santo State, Brazil, seeking to understand the factors that are affecting this process between the family agriculturists and revealing the prospect of contribution of the organic/agroecological systems of production for socioeconomic sustainability of these agriculturists, based on the arabic coffee. It was conducted a census of family agriculturists who were in agroecological transition at Caparaó Territory, in 2009, and addressed to technicians who worked with agroecological approach. Comparative analysis were conducted between organic and conventional systems of arabic coffee production in terms of cost, profitability (including risk analysis), demand for manpower, self-sufficiency in inputs, marketing and agricultural family health. The organic system was based on the experiences of family agriculturists (certificates) of ACAOFI, while the conventional systems were based on the coefficients of production from Cedagro/Incaper, considering the productivities of 20, 40 and 60sc/ha. The conventional system with productivity of 20sc/ha was the only unfeasible, and the organic system had the highest returns, despite having the highest unit costs. Risk analysis indicated that productivity and price of coffee were the most important factors in the profitability of the agriculturists and that the organic system had the lowest probability of obtaining a loss. It was found that in the organic system the dependence on external inputs was reduced by more than 50%, but increased the demand for manpower. For most agriculturists of ACAOFI, trade relations have not improved in the context of organic coffee production, but believe the improved health of the family. It was also considered a family organic agriculturist in Santa Maria de Jetibá, Espírito Santo State, Brazil, and the other in Dores do Rio Preto, Espírito Santo State, Brazil, in agroecological transition. The study revealed the potential of organic/agroecology systems to provide greater sustainability for family production. The agroecological transition should be worked slowly, respecting the socioeconomic sustainability with the progressive adoption of agroecological techniques and environmental suitability of the property, without linking them, necessarily, to the deployment of certified organic systems, as the agriculturist in Dores do Rio Preto. Family agriculturists need to make the present agricultural logic inversion, maximizing the utilization of local resources. Therefore, it is essential to establish integrated public policies, chaining all necessary actions and appropriate allocation of resources in order to empower agriculturists to overcome difficulties and realize the full potential. The availability of more technology and technical assistance with agroecological approach, the appropriate rural credit to the transition, promotion and fair trade are just some of the major challenges to be addressed. It is necessary improve the technical efficiency of organic/agroecology systems to improve its economic performance. In this sense, it is also necessary to expand the number of extensionists in Incaper exclusively dedicated on organic/agroecological line and provide training. Moreover, Incaper should prioritize Agroecology in institutional policy and technical schools and college must invest much more in vocational training in Agroecology.
This research was developed with the aim to study the process of agroecological transition in the Caparaó Territory, Espírito Santo State, Brazil, seeking to understand the factors that are affecting this process between the family agriculturists and revealing the prospect of contribution of the organic/agroecological systems of production for socioeconomic sustainability of these agriculturists, based on the arabic coffee. It was conducted a census of family agriculturists who were in agroecological transition at Caparaó Territory, in 2009, and addressed to technicians who worked with agroecological approach. Comparative analysis were conducted between organic and conventional systems of arabic coffee production in terms of cost, profitability (including risk analysis), demand for manpower, self-sufficiency in inputs, marketing and agricultural family health. The organic system was based on the experiences of family agriculturists (certificates) of ACAOFI, while the conventional systems were based on the coefficients of production from Cedagro/Incaper, considering the productivities of 20, 40 and 60sc/ha. The conventional system with productivity of 20sc/ha was the only unfeasible, and the organic system had the highest returns, despite having the highest unit costs. Risk analysis indicated that productivity and price of coffee were the most important factors in the profitability of the agriculturists and that the organic system had the lowest probability of obtaining a loss. It was found that in the organic system the dependence on external inputs was reduced by more than 50%, but increased the demand for manpower. For most agriculturists of ACAOFI, trade relations have not improved in the context of organic coffee production, but believe the improved health of the family. It was also considered a family organic agriculturist in Santa Maria de Jetibá, Espírito Santo State, Brazil, and the other in Dores do Rio Preto, Espírito Santo State, Brazil, in agroecological transition. The study revealed the potential of organic/agroecology systems to provide greater sustainability for family production. The agroecological transition should be worked slowly, respecting the socioeconomic sustainability with the progressive adoption of agroecological techniques and environmental suitability of the property, without linking them, necessarily, to the deployment of certified organic systems, as the agriculturist in Dores do Rio Preto. Family agriculturists need to make the present agricultural logic inversion, maximizing the utilization of local resources. Therefore, it is essential to establish integrated public policies, chaining all necessary actions and appropriate allocation of resources in order to empower agriculturists to overcome difficulties and realize the full potential. The availability of more technology and technical assistance with agroecological approach, the appropriate rural credit to the transition, promotion and fair trade are just some of the major challenges to be addressed. It is necessary improve the technical efficiency of organic/agroecology systems to improve its economic performance. In this sense, it is also necessary to expand the number of extensionists in Incaper exclusively dedicated on organic/agroecological line and provide training. Moreover, Incaper should prioritize Agroecology in institutional policy and technical schools and college must invest much more in vocational training in Agroecology.
Descrição
Tese de Doutorado defendida na Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro.
Palavras-chave
Transição agroecológica, Agricultura familiar, Sustentabilidade socioeconômica, Cafeicultura, Socioeconomia rural
Citação
SIQUEIRA, H. M. Agroecological transition and socioeconomic sustainability of family agriculturists in the Caparaó Territory, Espírito Santo State, Brazil: coffee case . 2011. 165 f. Tese (Doutorado em Produção Vegetal) - Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes. 2011.