Atributos fenológicos, agronômicos e expressão gênica durante frutificação do cafeeiro
Data
2007
Autores
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Editor
Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” - Universidade de São Paulo
Resumo
As características relacionadas à frutificação do cafeeiro são altamente influenciadas pelo ambiente. Portanto, a associação de análises agronômicas, fenológicas e genômicas são necessárias para o entendimento desse processo. Esses estudos fazem parte do programa de melhoramento genético do café, com o objetivo de obter plantas com maior uniformidade de maturação, duração de ciclo e bebidas específicas. Nesse contexto, os objetivos desse trabalho foram estabelecer padrões agronômicos e fenológicos comparativos entre diferentes cultivares e safras de café, caracterizar genes diferencialmente expressos durante o desenvolvimento dos frutos de cafeeiro arábica e correlacionar genes diferencialmente expressos com atributos fenológicos e agronômicos. Os estudos foram realizados no Centro de Café do IAC em Campinas, SP. As cultivares de Coffea arabica utilizadas foram: Mundo Novo, Catuaí Vermelho, Icatu Vermelho, Obatã e Icatu Precoce, nas safras de 2004/2005 e 2005/2006. Os atributos fenológicos foram avaliados com base no desenvolvimento do ciclo fenológico e na porcentagem de frutos maduros na colheita. As avaliações agronômicas foram avaliadas baseadas nas características tecnológicas do produto como, produção e rendimento, tipos de sementes e tamanho dos grãos. A expressão gênica diferencial foi avaliada por método semi-quantitativo e quantitativo RT-PCR em todos os estádios de desenvolvimento dos frutos. Seqüências de genes específicos foram identificadas por buscas em bancos de dados do Programa Genoma Café e no Genbank, possibilitando a construção de oligonucleotídeos específicos para cada gene. Em geral, os resultados das análises confirmaram a influência ambiental no desenvolvimento dos frutos do cafeeiro, especialmente as variações hídricas e de temperatura. Diferenças significativas foram identificadas entre as cultivares, em relação aos atributos fenológicos e agronômicos, principalmente na safra 2005/2006 quando foi possível discriminar as cultivares quanto à duração do ciclo fenológico. A expressão gênica durante o desenvolvimento dos frutos, seguiu padrão similar entre as cultivares, mesmo comparando diferentes anos agrícolas. Conseqüentemente, essas análises permitiram a identificação de genes candidatos a serem usados como marcadores genéticos das fases de frutificação de C. arabica, como: crescimento (PAL, CHS e manB), transição do crescimento para o início da maturação (csp1, GLA e ER5), maturação e amadurecimento (CS, AAT, ACS, ACO, ETR e ICL) e transição da maturação para o amadurecimento (PAL). Esses genes marcadores em associação com atributos agronômicos e fenológicos, podem ser utilizados como parâmetros moleculares para a definição de estádios adequados à colheita, assegurando composição final específica dos frutos e da qualidade da bebida.
Coffee fruit development and ripening are biological processes largely influenced by environmental conditions. Therefore, the association of agronomic, phenologic and genomic analyses is necessary for a broad comprehension of these processes. This type of approach is already part of coffee breeding programs, which aimed the development of coffee cultivars bearing maturation uniformity, controlled life cycle and specific cup qualities. In this context, the main objectives of this dissertation are to establish comparative patterns of fruit ripening among different coffee cultivars, to characterize gene expression during fruit development, and to correlate possible differential gene expression with agronomic and phenologic traits. All investigations were performed at the experimental field of the Coffee Center/IAC, Campinas, SP. The Coffea arabica cultivars Mundo Novo, Catuaí Vermelho, Icatu Vermelho, Obatã and Icatu Precoce, years 2004/2005 and 2005/2006, were evaluated regarding phenologic cycle and percentage of cherry fruits at harvesting time. Agronomic traits evaluated included productivity and outturn, type of seeds and grain size. Differential gene expression was evaluated through semi-quantitative and quantitative RT-PCR, in all stages of fruit development. Sequences of selected genes were identified through blast searches in the database of the Coffee Genome EST Project and the Genbank, and used to design gene-specific primers. In general, analyzed results confirmed the environmental influence over fruit development, especially temperature variations during evaluated seasons. Significant differences were identified among cultivars regarding phenologic and agronomic traits, especially in the year 2005/2006 where life cycle duration allowed cultivar discrimination. Gene expression during fruit development followed a similar pattern among evaluated cultivars, even when comparing different harvesting years. Therefore, these patterns allowed the identification of candidate genes for use as genetic markers of C. arabica fruit development phases, such as growing (PAL, CHS and manB), transition from growing to maturation (csp1, GLA, ER), maturation and ripening (CS, AAT, ACS, ACO, ETR, ICL) and transition from maturation to ripening (PAL). These gene-markers, in association with agronomic and phenological traits, may be used as molecular parameters for the definition of best colleting stage, ensuring specific final coffee fruit composition and cup quality.
Coffee fruit development and ripening are biological processes largely influenced by environmental conditions. Therefore, the association of agronomic, phenologic and genomic analyses is necessary for a broad comprehension of these processes. This type of approach is already part of coffee breeding programs, which aimed the development of coffee cultivars bearing maturation uniformity, controlled life cycle and specific cup qualities. In this context, the main objectives of this dissertation are to establish comparative patterns of fruit ripening among different coffee cultivars, to characterize gene expression during fruit development, and to correlate possible differential gene expression with agronomic and phenologic traits. All investigations were performed at the experimental field of the Coffee Center/IAC, Campinas, SP. The Coffea arabica cultivars Mundo Novo, Catuaí Vermelho, Icatu Vermelho, Obatã and Icatu Precoce, years 2004/2005 and 2005/2006, were evaluated regarding phenologic cycle and percentage of cherry fruits at harvesting time. Agronomic traits evaluated included productivity and outturn, type of seeds and grain size. Differential gene expression was evaluated through semi-quantitative and quantitative RT-PCR, in all stages of fruit development. Sequences of selected genes were identified through blast searches in the database of the Coffee Genome EST Project and the Genbank, and used to design gene-specific primers. In general, analyzed results confirmed the environmental influence over fruit development, especially temperature variations during evaluated seasons. Significant differences were identified among cultivars regarding phenologic and agronomic traits, especially in the year 2005/2006 where life cycle duration allowed cultivar discrimination. Gene expression during fruit development followed a similar pattern among evaluated cultivars, even when comparing different harvesting years. Therefore, these patterns allowed the identification of candidate genes for use as genetic markers of C. arabica fruit development phases, such as growing (PAL, CHS and manB), transition from growing to maturation (csp1, GLA, ER), maturation and ripening (CS, AAT, ACS, ACO, ETR, ICL) and transition from maturation to ripening (PAL). These gene-markers, in association with agronomic and phenological traits, may be used as molecular parameters for the definition of best colleting stage, ensuring specific final coffee fruit composition and cup quality.
Descrição
Tese de doutorado defendida na Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”- Universidade de São Paulo
Palavras-chave
Expressão gênica, Fenologia, Desenvolvimento, Influência climática, Marcador molecular
Citação
GASPARI-PEZZOPANE, C. Atributos fenológicos, agronômicos e expressão gênica durante frutificação do cafeeiro. 2007. 105 f. Tese (Doutorado em Fitotecnia) - Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba. 2007.