Secagem a vácuo de cafés descascados: cinética de secagem e efeitos fisiológicos
Data
2018-02-23
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Editor
Universidade Federal de Lavras
Resumo
O processo de secagem é fundamental para os grãos, pois, em geral, esses produtos são colhidos com alto teor de água, o que favorece a rápida deterioração. Quando não realizada de forma adequada, a secagem pode ocasionar danos aos produtos e, consequentemente, queda na qualidade. Diversas alterações físicas, fisiológicas e bioquímicas podem ocorrer nos grãos durante a secagem. Análises fisiológicas vêm sendo utilizadas como indicadores dessa qualidade. Tradicionalmente, a secagem mecânica com ar aquecido é utilizada para café. Porém, em decorrência de sua baixa eficiência, há uma necessidade de alternativas que permitam reduzir o tempo de secagem sem alterar a qualidade do café. Tendo em vista que a secagem a vácuo propicia tempos menores de exposição, pela redução da pressão de vapor, objetivou-se, com este trabalho, obter a cinética de secagem e os efeitos fisiológicos causados no café no estádio de maturação cereja, processados por via úmida (em pergaminho, descascado) quando submetidos à secagem a vácuo. Após o processamento, foram secados em uma estufa a vácuo, sob pressões absolutas de 147, 447 e 747 mmHg (em pressão atmosférica local de 747 mmHg) e temperatura do ar de secagem de 40oC, até atingirem 11 kg de água 100 kg de material -1 . Após a secagem, as amostras foram mantidas sem beneficiamento e armazenadas na temperatura de 10oC e 50% de umidade relativa, por 30 dias. Os cafés foram avaliados por meio dos testes de condutividade elétrica, lixiviação de potássio, teste de germinação, análises de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e pela cinética de secagem. Para as análises fisiológicas, utilizou-se a análise exploratória multivariada de componentes principais (PCA), com o objetivo de correlacionar os efeitos das características fisiológicas com as pressões de vácuo utilizadas. Para o ajuste dos modelos matemáticos foi realizada uma análise de regressão não linear pelo método Quasi- Newton. Concluiu-se que o uso do vácuo reduziu significativamente o tempo de secagem, o modelo que melhor se ajustou foi o de Page Modificado. A secagem submetida à pressão absoluta de 447 mmHg não apresentou dano às estruturas celulares do grão, não diferindo da pressão absoluta local, 747 mmHg, porém, em relação as outras pressões a pressão absoluta de 147 mmHg possui mais íons de potássio lixiviado, que podem estar associados a danos na estrutura celular. Por meio das eletromicrografias foi possível observar a diferença da parede celular dos grãos de acordo com a redução do vácuo.
The drying process is a very important step for a large part of the grains, because, in general, these products are harvested with high moisture contents, which favors rapid deterioration. When not properly performed, drying can cause damage to the products, consequently causing quality decrease. Several physical, physiological and biochemical changes can occur in the grains during drying. Physiological analyzes have been used as indicators of this quality. Traditionally, mechanical drying with heated air is used for coffee grains. However, due to its low efficiency, alternatives that allow reducing the drying time without changing the quality of the coffee are required. Considering that vacuum drying provides smaller exposure times by reducing the vapor pressure, this study aimed at assessing the drying kinetics and the physiological effects caused in peeled coffee beans, when subjected to vacuum drying. Coffee fruits were studied at the maturation stage and processed by wet conventional methods (parchment, peeled). After processing, the grains were dried in a vacuum oven under absolute pressures of 147, 447 and 747 mmHg (at local atmospheric pressure of 747 mmHg) at 40 °C, until reaching 11 kg of water / kg of material. After drying, the samples were stored under controlled conditions of refrigerated air (10 oC and 50% relative humidity) for 30 days in order to obtain uniform moisture content of the fruits. Coffee grains were evaluated by electrical conductivity, potassium leaching, germination, scanning electron microscopy and drying kinetics. Multivariate exploratory principal component analysis (PCA) was used for the physiological analyzes, with the objective of correlating the effects of the physiological analyzes with the used vacuum pressures. For the adjustment of the mathematical models, a non-linear regression analysis was performed using the Quasi-Newton method. It was concluded that the use of vacuum significantly reduced the drying time. The model that better adjusted was the Page Modified. Drying under absolute pressure of 447 mmHg was an interesting alternative to the conventional one because it showed no damage to the cellular structures of the grain, which was similar to the obtained in the local pressure of 747 mmHg. However, the lowest pressure, 147 mmHg, led to significant alterations in the grain quality.
The drying process is a very important step for a large part of the grains, because, in general, these products are harvested with high moisture contents, which favors rapid deterioration. When not properly performed, drying can cause damage to the products, consequently causing quality decrease. Several physical, physiological and biochemical changes can occur in the grains during drying. Physiological analyzes have been used as indicators of this quality. Traditionally, mechanical drying with heated air is used for coffee grains. However, due to its low efficiency, alternatives that allow reducing the drying time without changing the quality of the coffee are required. Considering that vacuum drying provides smaller exposure times by reducing the vapor pressure, this study aimed at assessing the drying kinetics and the physiological effects caused in peeled coffee beans, when subjected to vacuum drying. Coffee fruits were studied at the maturation stage and processed by wet conventional methods (parchment, peeled). After processing, the grains were dried in a vacuum oven under absolute pressures of 147, 447 and 747 mmHg (at local atmospheric pressure of 747 mmHg) at 40 °C, until reaching 11 kg of water / kg of material. After drying, the samples were stored under controlled conditions of refrigerated air (10 oC and 50% relative humidity) for 30 days in order to obtain uniform moisture content of the fruits. Coffee grains were evaluated by electrical conductivity, potassium leaching, germination, scanning electron microscopy and drying kinetics. Multivariate exploratory principal component analysis (PCA) was used for the physiological analyzes, with the objective of correlating the effects of the physiological analyzes with the used vacuum pressures. For the adjustment of the mathematical models, a non-linear regression analysis was performed using the Quasi-Newton method. It was concluded that the use of vacuum significantly reduced the drying time. The model that better adjusted was the Page Modified. Drying under absolute pressure of 447 mmHg was an interesting alternative to the conventional one because it showed no damage to the cellular structures of the grain, which was similar to the obtained in the local pressure of 747 mmHg. However, the lowest pressure, 147 mmHg, led to significant alterations in the grain quality.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado defendida na Universidade Federal de Lavras
Palavras-chave
Coffea arabica L, Vácuo, Taxa de secagem
Citação
ROCHA, H. A. Secagem a vácuo de cafés descascados: cinética de secagem e efeitos fisiológicos. 2018. 62 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Agrícola)- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras. 2018.