Aproveitamento de resíduos de processamento via seca e via úmida do café para obtenção de pectinases
Data
2013-11-13
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Universidade Federal de Lavras
Resumo
Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo geral de utilizar a casca de café (seca e melosa) como substrato e como fonte de pectina para a obtenção de enzimas pectinolíticas. Os objetivos específicos foram caracterizar o resíduo, selecionar fungos quanto à produção de pectinases em meio sólido, avaliar a atividade enzimática pelo processo de fermentação em estado sólido e comparar a atividade enzimática produzida pelos fungos frente à atividade de enzima comercial. Foram utilizados 34 fungos para o teste semiquantitativo em placas de Petri com pectina como única fonte de carbono, em que a solução de lugol revelou os maiores halos para a produção de pectinases, dos quais foram selecionados sete isolados. Em seguida, estes isolados foram submetidos ao processo de fermentação em estado sólido, no intuito de avaliar a atividade enzimática quanto à obtenção das enzimas pectinolíticas: pectina metilesterase (PME), pectina liase (PL), exo-poligalacturonase (Exo-PG) e endo- poligalacturonase (Endo-PG). Foram avaliados três tempos de fermentação (48, 96 e 168 horas). O experimento foi conduzido em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (DIC) e a análise de variância em esquema fatorial na parcela, sendo 2 substratos x 6 isolados. Dos microrgansimos testados quanto ao potencial para a produção de pectinases em meio sólido, os que apresentaram índices enzimáticos ≤ 2,00 foram três isolados de Cladosporium cladosporioides, Trichoderma viride, Penicillium roqueforti e Rhizopus stolonifer. Com relação à produção das enzimas pectinolíticas estudadas, observou-se interação tripla significativa entre os fatores substrato, tempo e isolados. O isolado R. stolonifer apresentou maior atividade enzimática de PME no substrato casca melosa (138,00 U/g) e no substrato casca seca (99,00 U/g), no período de 168 horas. Quando comparados com a enzima comercial (58,17 U/g), estes isolados apresentaram maior atividade enzimática. O isolado C. cladosporioides apresentou maior atividade enzimática de PL (898,67 U/g) no substrato casca seca, no período de 168 horas. O isolado P. roqueforti apresentou maior atividade enzimática de PL (418,67 U/g) no substrato casca melosa, no período de 96 horas. Quando comparados com a enzima comercial (2.169,35 U/g), nenhum dos isolados analisados produziu atividade enzimática superior a esta. O isolado C. cladosporioides apresentou maior atividade enzimática de Exo-PG no substrato casca melosa (3,10 U/g) e no substrato casca seca (0,98 U/g), no período de 96 horas. Maiores atividades enzimáticas foram encontradas pelos fungos analisados, quando comparados com a enzima comercial (0,16). O isolado T. viride apresentou maior atividade enzimática de Endo-PG (29.632 U/g) no substrato casca seca, no período de 168 horas. O isolado R. stolonifer apresentou maior atividade enzimática de Endo-PG (29.282,50 U/g), no período de 168 horas. Quando comparado com a enzimacomercial, maior atividade enzimática foi constatada por este isolado frente à enzima comercial (21.730,50 U/g). A casca de café seca e melosa pode ser considerada bom substrato e fonte para a obtenção de enzimas pectinolíticas. A redução na quantidade do resíduo variou de 15,00% a 24,14%, na casca seca e de 33,10% a 48,39%, na casca melosa.
This study was carried out with the overall goal of using coffee pulp/hulls (dried and sticky) as a substrate and as a source of pectin for obtaining pectinolytic enzymes. The specific aims were to characterize the coffee waste, select fungi in regard to production of pectinases in a solid medium, evaluate the enzymatic activity through the fermentation process in a solid state and compare the enzymatic activity produced by the fungi compared to commercial enzyme activity. A total of 34 fungi were used for the semi- quantitative test in Petri dishes with pectin as the sole source of carbon, in which Lugol’s solution exhibited the largest halos for pectinase production, from which seven isolates were selected. These isolates were then subjected to the solid state fermentation process for the purpose of evaluating enzymatic activity in regard to obtaining pectinolytic enzymes: pectin methylesterase (PME), pectin lyase (PL), exo-polygalacturonase (Exo-PG) and endo-poligalacturonase (Endo-PG). Three fermentation times were evaluated (48, 96 and 168 hours). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized experimental design (CRD) and analysis of variance in a factorial arrangement in the plot with 2 substrates and 6 isolates. Of the microorganisms tested in regard to potential for pectinase production in a solid medium, those that exhibited enzymatic indices ≤ 2.00 were three isolates of Cladosporium cladosporioides, Trichoderma viride, Penicillium roqueforti and Rhizopus stolonifer. In relation to the production of the pectinolytic enzymes studied, a significant three-way interaction was observed among the substrate, time and isolate factors. The isolate R. stolonifer exhibited greater enzymatic activity of PME in the sticky pulp substrate (138.00 U/g) and in the dried pulp substrate (99.00 U/g) in the period of 168 hours. When compared to the commercial enzyme (58.17 U/g), these isolates exhibited greater enzymatic activity. The isolate C. cladosporioides exhibited greater enzymatic activity of PL (898.67 U/g) in the dried pulp substrate in the period of 168 hours. The isolate P. roqueforti exhibited greater enzymatic activity of PL (418.67 U/g) in the sticky pulp substrate in the period of 96 hours. None of the isolates analyzed produced greater enzymatic activity as compared to the commercial enzyme (2,169.35 U/g). The isolate C. cladosporioides exhibited greater enzymatic activity of Exo-PG in the sticky pulp substrate (3.10 U/g) and in the dried pulp substrate (0.98 U/g) in the period of 96 hours. Greater enzymatic activities were found by the fungi analyzed when compared to the commercial enzyme (0.16). The isolate T. viride exhibited greater enzymatic activity of Endo-PG (29,632 U/g) in the dried pulp substrate in the period of 168 hours. The isolate R. stolonifer exhibited greater enzymatic activity of Endo-PG (29,282.50 U/g) in the period of 168 hours. Greater enzymatic activity was observed for this isolate when compared to the commercial enzyme (21,730.50U/g). Dried and sticky coffee pulp may be considered a good substrate and source for obtaining pectinolytic enzymes. Reduction in the quantity of waste ranged from 15.00% to 24.14% in dried pulp and from 33.10% to 48.39% in sticky pulp.
This study was carried out with the overall goal of using coffee pulp/hulls (dried and sticky) as a substrate and as a source of pectin for obtaining pectinolytic enzymes. The specific aims were to characterize the coffee waste, select fungi in regard to production of pectinases in a solid medium, evaluate the enzymatic activity through the fermentation process in a solid state and compare the enzymatic activity produced by the fungi compared to commercial enzyme activity. A total of 34 fungi were used for the semi- quantitative test in Petri dishes with pectin as the sole source of carbon, in which Lugol’s solution exhibited the largest halos for pectinase production, from which seven isolates were selected. These isolates were then subjected to the solid state fermentation process for the purpose of evaluating enzymatic activity in regard to obtaining pectinolytic enzymes: pectin methylesterase (PME), pectin lyase (PL), exo-polygalacturonase (Exo-PG) and endo-poligalacturonase (Endo-PG). Three fermentation times were evaluated (48, 96 and 168 hours). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized experimental design (CRD) and analysis of variance in a factorial arrangement in the plot with 2 substrates and 6 isolates. Of the microorganisms tested in regard to potential for pectinase production in a solid medium, those that exhibited enzymatic indices ≤ 2.00 were three isolates of Cladosporium cladosporioides, Trichoderma viride, Penicillium roqueforti and Rhizopus stolonifer. In relation to the production of the pectinolytic enzymes studied, a significant three-way interaction was observed among the substrate, time and isolate factors. The isolate R. stolonifer exhibited greater enzymatic activity of PME in the sticky pulp substrate (138.00 U/g) and in the dried pulp substrate (99.00 U/g) in the period of 168 hours. When compared to the commercial enzyme (58.17 U/g), these isolates exhibited greater enzymatic activity. The isolate C. cladosporioides exhibited greater enzymatic activity of PL (898.67 U/g) in the dried pulp substrate in the period of 168 hours. The isolate P. roqueforti exhibited greater enzymatic activity of PL (418.67 U/g) in the sticky pulp substrate in the period of 96 hours. None of the isolates analyzed produced greater enzymatic activity as compared to the commercial enzyme (2,169.35 U/g). The isolate C. cladosporioides exhibited greater enzymatic activity of Exo-PG in the sticky pulp substrate (3.10 U/g) and in the dried pulp substrate (0.98 U/g) in the period of 96 hours. Greater enzymatic activities were found by the fungi analyzed when compared to the commercial enzyme (0.16). The isolate T. viride exhibited greater enzymatic activity of Endo-PG (29,632 U/g) in the dried pulp substrate in the period of 168 hours. The isolate R. stolonifer exhibited greater enzymatic activity of Endo-PG (29,282.50 U/g) in the period of 168 hours. Greater enzymatic activity was observed for this isolate when compared to the commercial enzyme (21,730.50U/g). Dried and sticky coffee pulp may be considered a good substrate and source for obtaining pectinolytic enzymes. Reduction in the quantity of waste ranged from 15.00% to 24.14% in dried pulp and from 33.10% to 48.39% in sticky pulp.
Descrição
Tese de Doutorado defendida na Universidade Federal de Lavras
Palavras-chave
Resíduos agrícolas - pectinases, Pectina metiles terase, Pectina liase, Exo-poligalacturonase, Endo- poligalacturonase
Citação
FERNANDES, A. P. Aproveitamento de resíduos de processamento via seca e via úmida do café para obtenção de pectinases. 2013. 135 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência dos Alimentos) - Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras. 2013.