Destino do nitrogênio (15 N) do fertilizante em uma cultura de café
Data
2006
Autores
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Editor
Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura da Universidade de São Paulo
Resumo
A cultura do café é um dos mais importantes agronegócios do Brasil e, apesar de suas práticas de manejo já estarem bem definidas, muitos aspectos da cultura ainda carecem esclarecimentos, destacando-se entre eles a nutrição nitrogenada do cafeeiro. Para isso foram conduzidos vários experimentos na cultura do café com adubação nitrogenada para se determinar o balanço do N no sistema solo-café-atmosfera, e melhor compreender a dinâmica do N dentro da planta. Os tratamentos constituíram de 5 sub-parcelas (repetições) com 9 plantas, as três centrais recebendo 280 kg ha -1 de N no 1o ano de experimento e 350 kg ha -1 de N no 2o ano, na forma de sulfato de amônio enriquecido no 15 N, com concentração isotópica igual a 2,072% de átomos de 15 N. A massa de matéria seca da parte aérea foi determinada à cada 60 dias, sacrificando uma planta de cada parcela, fora das sub-parcelas de 9 plantas. Nas plantas marcadas isotopicamente amostrou-se, também à cada 60 dias, um ramo contendo todas as partes da planta e nestas foram determinadas as concentrações de 15 N e N-total por espectrometria de massa. Raiz e solo também foram amostrados nas camadas 0-0,2, 0,2-0,4, 0,4-0,6, 0,6-0,8, 0,8-1,0 m apenas no final de cada um dos 2 anos estudados. Nestas amostras também foi determinada a abundância de 15 N e N-total por espectrometria de massa. Para quantificar a volatilização de amônia do solo proveniente do fertilizante, foi utilizado o método do coletor de N-NH 3 semi-aberto estático. Para estimar a lixiviação do N para fora do elemento de volume de solo considerado para o balanço de N (0 - 1,0 m) em períodos úmidos, foram instalados extratores de solução do solo à vácuo (três a 100 cm por parcela) para determinação da concentração de N e da abundância isotópica de 15 N por espectrometria de massa. A planta chegou a absorver no primeiro ano de experimento até 71,3% do N do fertilizante, diminuindo seu conteúdo antes da colheita para 42,9% devido à translocação de N para raízes, queda de folhas e frutos, e perdas de N pela parte aérea, mostrando a alta eficiência do sulfato de amônio. No final dos 2 anos estudados, a recuperação do N do sulfato de amônio pela parte aérea das plantas foi de 19,1%. A raiz acumulou 9,4%. No solo o N remanescente foi de 12,6%.A serrapilheira acumulou 11,2% do N aplicado, e portanto, servirá como fonte orgânica de N. A exportação pelos grãos foi relativamente pequena, 26,3%, devido ao cafezal ainda estar em formação. As perdas por lixiviação e volatilização foram pequenas, em torno de 2,3 e 1,6%, respectivamente, sendo que a reabsorção foliar da amônia volatilizada foi de 43,3%. Apenas 18,2% do N aplicado não foram recuperados, tendo sido considerado como N não estimado (perda de N pela parte aérea, raízes abaixo de 1,0 m, erros de amostragem, etc.).
The coffee is one of the most important agribusiness products of Brazil and, although its management practices are already well defined, several cropping aspects still need a deeper understanding. Among these the nutrition of the coffee plant in respect to nitrogen is one of the main subjects needing more clarification. To contribute to this aspect, several experiments were carried out involving fertilizer application to a coffee crop, aiming for the establishment of a N balance in the soil-coffee-atmosphere system and better understand the N dynamics within the plant. Treatments consisted of 5 sub-plots (replicates) of 9 plants, the central three receiving 280 kg ha -1 N during the 1 st year and 350 kg ha -1 N in the second. The fertilizer was 15 N enriched ammonium sulphate, at a concentration of 2.072% 15 N atom excess. Shoot dry matter was monitored every 60 days scarifying one whole plant of each treatment, collected outside the isotopic sub-plots of 9 plants. Isotopically labeled plants were sampled cutting one branch containing all desired plant parts, in roler to measure 15 N enrichment and total N concentration. Root and soil were sampled only at the end of each year, in the 0-0.2, 0.2-0.4, 0.4-0.6, 0.6-0.8, 0.8-1.0 m layers. To quantify soil volatilization from fertilizer N a semi-open N-NH 3 static collector was used. To estimate N leaching below the root zone, considering the 0-1.0 m soil layer, soil solution N concentration and 15 N enrichment were obtained from soil solution extractors data. Shoot fertilizer N absorbtion reached 71.3% during the first year, with a reduction to 42.9% just before harvest, due to N translocation to roots, leaf and fruit drop, and N losses to the atmosphere, indicating the high efficiency of the application of the ammonium sulphate. At the end of both yearly experimental periods, the recovery of the fertilizer N by the shoot was 19.1%. Roots accumulated 9.4% and in the soil 12.6% of the fertilizer N were still present. Litter accumulated 11.2% and continues to be an important N source. Bean export was relatively low, well explained for a coffee crop under formation. Leaching and volatilization losses were of the order of 2.3 and 1.6%, respectively, however, reabsorption of volatilized ammonia reached 43.3% of the applied amount. To close the balance after two years, 18.2% of the fertilizer N were not recovered, considered to consist of non evaluated forms of N (shoot losses of NH 3 , roots below 1 m, sampling errors, etc.).
The coffee is one of the most important agribusiness products of Brazil and, although its management practices are already well defined, several cropping aspects still need a deeper understanding. Among these the nutrition of the coffee plant in respect to nitrogen is one of the main subjects needing more clarification. To contribute to this aspect, several experiments were carried out involving fertilizer application to a coffee crop, aiming for the establishment of a N balance in the soil-coffee-atmosphere system and better understand the N dynamics within the plant. Treatments consisted of 5 sub-plots (replicates) of 9 plants, the central three receiving 280 kg ha -1 N during the 1 st year and 350 kg ha -1 N in the second. The fertilizer was 15 N enriched ammonium sulphate, at a concentration of 2.072% 15 N atom excess. Shoot dry matter was monitored every 60 days scarifying one whole plant of each treatment, collected outside the isotopic sub-plots of 9 plants. Isotopically labeled plants were sampled cutting one branch containing all desired plant parts, in roler to measure 15 N enrichment and total N concentration. Root and soil were sampled only at the end of each year, in the 0-0.2, 0.2-0.4, 0.4-0.6, 0.6-0.8, 0.8-1.0 m layers. To quantify soil volatilization from fertilizer N a semi-open N-NH 3 static collector was used. To estimate N leaching below the root zone, considering the 0-1.0 m soil layer, soil solution N concentration and 15 N enrichment were obtained from soil solution extractors data. Shoot fertilizer N absorbtion reached 71.3% during the first year, with a reduction to 42.9% just before harvest, due to N translocation to roots, leaf and fruit drop, and N losses to the atmosphere, indicating the high efficiency of the application of the ammonium sulphate. At the end of both yearly experimental periods, the recovery of the fertilizer N by the shoot was 19.1%. Roots accumulated 9.4% and in the soil 12.6% of the fertilizer N were still present. Litter accumulated 11.2% and continues to be an important N source. Bean export was relatively low, well explained for a coffee crop under formation. Leaching and volatilization losses were of the order of 2.3 and 1.6%, respectively, however, reabsorption of volatilized ammonia reached 43.3% of the applied amount. To close the balance after two years, 18.2% of the fertilizer N were not recovered, considered to consist of non evaluated forms of N (shoot losses of NH 3 , roots below 1 m, sampling errors, etc.).
Descrição
Tese de Doutorado defendida no Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura da Universidade de São Paulo.
Palavras-chave
Adubação nitrogenada, Isótopos estáveis, Plantas estimulantes
Citação
FENILLI, T. A. B. Destino do nitrogênio (15 N) do fertilizante em uma cultura de café. 2006. 100 f. (Doutorado em Ciências) - Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba. 2006.