Domácias intermediando interações tritróficas em cafeeiros
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Data
2001
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
O controle biológico vem sendo introduzido em vários países, muitas vezes sem a obtenção de resultados positivos. Isto ocorre principalmente pela falta de conhecimento sobre as interações existentes entre os organismos envolvidos. Plantas e inimigos naturais de seus herbívoros interagem de diferentes formas e muitas destas interações podem levar ao benefício de ambos. Plantas de Coffea spp. apresentam estruturas em suas folhas, denominadas domácias. Essas estruturas abrigam ácaros predadores e fungívoros, sugerindo uma interação mutualística entre a planta e os ácaros que ali vivem. No presente estudo foi avaliado o papel das domácias sobre populações do ácaro predador Iphiseiodes zuluagai (Acari: Phytoseiidae) em plantas de cafeeiros, sendo dividido em dois capítulos. No capítulo 1 foi analisada a interação entre ácaros predadores e domácias em duas espécies de cafeeiro, testando-se a hipótese de que plantas com grande quantidade de domácias abrigam maiores densidades de ácaros predadores do que plantas com poucas ou sem domácias. Para a realização dos testes foram utilizadas plantas de Coffea arabica var. Catuaí e de Coffea canephora var. Conilon onde, em campo, foram realizadas coletas de folhas das duas espécies. Em laboratório, para cada espécie de cafeeiro, procedeu-se a medição da área foliar, a quantificação das domácias presentes por folha, a avaliação da ocupação dessas estruturas por ácaros e a quantificação dos ácaros predadores e fitófagos presentes por folha. No capítulo 2 foram realizados dois testes em laboratório, com o objetivo de avaliar a sobrevivência de I. zuluagai em folhas de C. arabica var. Catuaí. No teste I (teste de alimento e abrigo) foi avaliada a sobrevivência de I. zuluagai em folhas com domácias fechadas (tratamento 1); domácias abertas+ovos de Tydeidae (tratamento 2) e domácias abertas vazias (tratamento 3), sendo analisado a cada 24 horas o número de ácaros adultos vivos em cada tratamento, local de oviposição e quantidade de ovos de I. zuluagai. No teste II (teste de predação) foi avaliada a taxa de predação de Oligonychus ilicis (Acari: Tetranychidae) por I. zuluagai em folhas com domácias fechadas (tratamento 1) e em folhas com domácias abertas+ovos de Tydeidae (tratamento2), e também a sobrevivência de I. zuluagai nesses dois tratamentos. As observações foram realizadas a cada 24 horas, onde avaliou-se o número de adultos vivos, local de oviposição e quantidade de ovos de I. zuluagai, e o número de ninfas mortas de O. ilicis, em cada tratamento. No que se refere ao capítulo 1, foi observado que plantas de C. arabica apresentaram maiores densidades de domácias/área foliar do que plantas de C. canephora. Houve diferença significativa na densidade de I. zuluagai nas duas espécies. O ácaro predador apresentou altas densidades e uma tendência crescente em plantas de C. arabica, não se observando o mesmo em C. canephora. Em relação aos ácaros fitófagos B. phoenicis e O. ilicis, foram observadas baixas densidades em folhas de C. arabica - espécie com maior número de domácias. As domácias de C. arabica se mostraram mais favoráveis ao desenvolvimento de I. zuluagai do que as de C. canephora, podendo proporcionar melhores condições de abrigo e reprodução a esse predador. No capítulo 2 constatou-se que, no teste de alimento e abrigo, nas folhas com domácias fechadas a densidade dos ácaros adultos apresentou uma tendência decrescente, o que resultou na morte de todos os indivíduos no 18o. dia de observação. Nas folhas com domácias abertas + ovos de Tydeidae e folhas com domácias abertas vazias o número de adultos de I. zuluagai foi significativamente maior que nas folhas com domácias fechadas, apresentando uma tendência crescente de suas densidades.No teste do alimento não foram observadas diferenças no consumo de O. ilicis por I. zuluagai em ambos os tratamentos (domácias fechadas, e domácias abertas + ovos de Tydeidae), onde após 24 horas todas as ninfas haviam sido predadas. Por outro lado, observou-se nas folhas com domácias fechadas que no 10 o dia todos os indivíduos de I. zuluagai já se encontram mortos, ao passo que nas folhas com domácias abertas + ovos de Tydeidae houve uma tendência desses ácaros se manterem vivos até o final do experimento. Os resultados obtidos mostram uma interação positiva entre a presença de domácias e ácaros predadores em cafeeiros, sendo estas estruturas de grande importância para a sobrevivência e manutenção destes predadores nas plantas. Isto é de grande importância para o manejo sustentável de pragas, pois representa seu principal objetivo, promover a presença do predador no campo.
Biological control has been introduced in several countries as a method of pest control, but its final results can be in many cases negative. Much of its failure is due to the lack of knowledgement on the interactions occurring among the organisms in the target system. Plants and natural enemies of herbivores interact in several ways, and in some case this may lead to mutual benefits. Plants of Coffea spp. have leaves structures called domatia. Such structures normally harbour fungivore and predatory mites, which suggests a mutualistic plant-mites interaction. This study investigated the role of domatia on the population of the predatory mite Iphiseiodes zuluagai (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on coffee plants. On chapter 1 we studied the interactions between predatory mites and domatia on two coffee plant species. It was tested the hypothesis that plants with high number of domatia shelter high density of predatory mites than plants with few or no domatia. In the field, we collected leaves from two coffee species, Coffee canephora var. Catuaí and Coffee canephora var. Conilon. In the laboratory, for each coffee species, it was measured the leave area, the number of domatia/leave, the number of domatia occupied by mites, and the number of phytophagous and predatory mites/leave. On chapter 2, two tests were carried out in the laboratory, aiming to evaluate the survivorship of Iphiseiodes zuluagai on C. arabica leaves. At the test I (testing food source and shelter), the survivorship of I. zuluagai was evaluated on leaves with closed domatia (treatment 1), open domatia + Tydeidae eggs (treatment 2), and empty open domatia (treatment 3). It was scored every 24 h the number of alive adults in each treatment, oviposition site and number of I. Zuluagai eggs. At the test II (testing predation rate), the predation rate of Oligonychus ilicis (Acari: Tetranychidae) by I. zuluagai was evaluated on leaves with closed domatia (treatment 1), and on leaves with open domatia + Tydeidae eggs (treatment 2). The survivorship of I. Zuluagai was scored on both treatments. It was scored every 24 h the number of alive adults, oviposition site, the number of I. zuluagai, and the number of dead O. ilicis nymphs in each treatment. On chapter 1 it is presented that plants of C. arabica showed higher density of domatia/leaf area than C. canephora. It was found significant difference of I. zuluagai density between the two coffee plants species. The predatory mites showed higher and continuous raising density on C. arabica than on C. canephora. For the phytophagous mites B. phoenicis and O. ilicis, it was found low densities on C. arabica leaves – species with higher number of domatia. The domatia on C. arabica proofed to be favourable for the developing of the predatory mites than did those on C. canephora. The reasons for that were due to better shelter and reproduction conditions to the predators. On chapter 2 it is presented (testing food source and shelter) that the densities of the adult predatory mites were decrescent, leading to the death of all mites after 18 days of scoring when leaves with closed domatia were used. When it was used leaves with open domatia + Tydeidae eggs and leaves with empty open domatia, the number of I. zuluagai adults was significantly higher than when leaves with closed domatia were used. The test with food source did not show differences on the predation of O. ilicis nymphs by I. zuluagai on both treatments (closed domatia and open domatia + Tydeidae eggs). After 24 h all nymphs were predated. On the other hand, it was observed that after 10 days of the beginning of the experiment all predatory mites were dead on leaves with closed domatia, while on leaves with open domatia + Tydeidae eggs they were alive until the end of the experiment. The results showed a positive interaction between the presence of domatia and the predatory mites in coffee plants. The domatia proved to be of great importance for the survivorship and maintenance of the predators on the plants. Such results could have a direct application for the sustainable management of crop pests, which its more difficult fundament is to keep predators on plants year-round.
Biological control has been introduced in several countries as a method of pest control, but its final results can be in many cases negative. Much of its failure is due to the lack of knowledgement on the interactions occurring among the organisms in the target system. Plants and natural enemies of herbivores interact in several ways, and in some case this may lead to mutual benefits. Plants of Coffea spp. have leaves structures called domatia. Such structures normally harbour fungivore and predatory mites, which suggests a mutualistic plant-mites interaction. This study investigated the role of domatia on the population of the predatory mite Iphiseiodes zuluagai (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on coffee plants. On chapter 1 we studied the interactions between predatory mites and domatia on two coffee plant species. It was tested the hypothesis that plants with high number of domatia shelter high density of predatory mites than plants with few or no domatia. In the field, we collected leaves from two coffee species, Coffee canephora var. Catuaí and Coffee canephora var. Conilon. In the laboratory, for each coffee species, it was measured the leave area, the number of domatia/leave, the number of domatia occupied by mites, and the number of phytophagous and predatory mites/leave. On chapter 2, two tests were carried out in the laboratory, aiming to evaluate the survivorship of Iphiseiodes zuluagai on C. arabica leaves. At the test I (testing food source and shelter), the survivorship of I. zuluagai was evaluated on leaves with closed domatia (treatment 1), open domatia + Tydeidae eggs (treatment 2), and empty open domatia (treatment 3). It was scored every 24 h the number of alive adults in each treatment, oviposition site and number of I. Zuluagai eggs. At the test II (testing predation rate), the predation rate of Oligonychus ilicis (Acari: Tetranychidae) by I. zuluagai was evaluated on leaves with closed domatia (treatment 1), and on leaves with open domatia + Tydeidae eggs (treatment 2). The survivorship of I. Zuluagai was scored on both treatments. It was scored every 24 h the number of alive adults, oviposition site, the number of I. zuluagai, and the number of dead O. ilicis nymphs in each treatment. On chapter 1 it is presented that plants of C. arabica showed higher density of domatia/leaf area than C. canephora. It was found significant difference of I. zuluagai density between the two coffee plants species. The predatory mites showed higher and continuous raising density on C. arabica than on C. canephora. For the phytophagous mites B. phoenicis and O. ilicis, it was found low densities on C. arabica leaves – species with higher number of domatia. The domatia on C. arabica proofed to be favourable for the developing of the predatory mites than did those on C. canephora. The reasons for that were due to better shelter and reproduction conditions to the predators. On chapter 2 it is presented (testing food source and shelter) that the densities of the adult predatory mites were decrescent, leading to the death of all mites after 18 days of scoring when leaves with closed domatia were used. When it was used leaves with open domatia + Tydeidae eggs and leaves with empty open domatia, the number of I. zuluagai adults was significantly higher than when leaves with closed domatia were used. The test with food source did not show differences on the predation of O. ilicis nymphs by I. zuluagai on both treatments (closed domatia and open domatia + Tydeidae eggs). After 24 h all nymphs were predated. On the other hand, it was observed that after 10 days of the beginning of the experiment all predatory mites were dead on leaves with closed domatia, while on leaves with open domatia + Tydeidae eggs they were alive until the end of the experiment. The results showed a positive interaction between the presence of domatia and the predatory mites in coffee plants. The domatia proved to be of great importance for the survivorship and maintenance of the predators on the plants. Such results could have a direct application for the sustainable management of crop pests, which its more difficult fundament is to keep predators on plants year-round.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado defendida na Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Palavras-chave
Café Interação tritrófica Mutualismo planta-predador Ácaros predadores Controle biológico, Coffee Tritrophic interaction Plant-predator mutualism Mites Biological control
Citação
Matos, Cláudia Helena Cysneiros. Domácias intermediando interações tritróficas em cafeeiros. Viçosa : UFV, 2001. 61p. : il. (Dissertação - mestrado em Entomologia) Orientador: Ângelo Pallini Filho T 633.7396 M433d 2001