Secagem de frutos verdes de café em diferentes temperaturas de bulbo seco e temperatura de ponto de orvalho
Data
2021-04-18
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Editor
Universidade Federal de Lavras
Resumo
A colheita de café no Brasil é predominantemente não seletiva, pelo método de derriça completa, e pela desigualdade de maturação, acarreta uma grande porção de frutos verdes. Uma das principais etapas do processo de pós-colheita é a secagem e esse deve ser bem estabelecido para esse tipo de fruto, por serem mais sensíveis a essa etapa do processamento. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da secagem em diferentes temperaturas de bulbo seco em combinação com diferentes temperaturas de ponto de orvalho sobre os frutos verdes de café e na qualidade dos grãos. Os frutos verdes foram colhidos de forma manual e seletivamente, e apresentaram em média o teor de água inicial de 2,50 ± 0,08 kg.kg -1 (b.s.). A secagem foi realizada em um secador de camada fixa acoplado a um sistema de ar condicionado composto no qual o ar de secagem foi controlado com um fluxo de ar de 20 m3 min-1 m-2 , a temperaturas usadas foram três temperaturas de bulbo seco (30 °C, 35 °C e 40 °C) em combinação de 4 temperaturas de ponto de orvalho (7,5 °C, 11,2 °C, 16,2 °C e 20,4 °C). Os frutos verdes foram secos de forma contínua até um teor de água médio de 0,139 base seca (b.s.). Foram testados modelos de cinética de secagem aos dados experimentais, avaliados os endospermas dos grãos com a microscopia eletrônica de varredura, analisados a quantidade de defeitos pretos-verdes, alterações na cor, condutividade elétrica dos exsudados dos grãos e quantificação de trigonelina, ácidos clorogênicos e cafeína. O modelo de Andrade foi o que apresentou o melhor ajuste, exceto nos tratamentos com Tbs de 40°C e Tpo de 7,5°C e Tpo de 11,2°C, que foram os modelos de Valcam e Midilli respectivamente. Verificou-se por meio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) que ocorreram danos nos grãos verdes com o aumento da temperatura e nos grãos pretos-verdes sua estrutura celular sempre está bem degradada independentemente dos tratamentos de secagem realizada. As menores quantidades de defeitos pretos-verdes foram encontradas nas menores temperaturas de secagem, apresentado esses grãos os maiores valores de L* e b*, e menores de a*; também menores valores de condutividade elétrica e de ácidos clorogênicos
The coffee harvest in Brazil is predominantly non-selective, by the complete stripping method, and due to the inequality of maturation, it results in a large portion of green fruits. One of the main stages of the post-harvest process is drying and this must be well established for this type of fruit, as they are more sensitive to this stage of processing. The general objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of drying at different dry bulb temperatures in combination with different dew point temperatures on green coffee fruits and on the quality of the grains. The unripe fruits were harvested manually and selectively, and had an average initial water content of 2.50 ± 0,08 kg.kg -1 (b.s.). Drying was carried out in a fixed layer dryer coupled to a composite air conditioning system in which the drying air was controlled with an air flow of 20 m3 min-1 m-2 , at temperatures used were three dry bulb temperatures (30 °C, 35 ° C and 40 °C) in combination of 4 dew point temperatures (7.5 °C, 11.2 °C, 16.2 °C and 20.4 °C). The unripe fruits were continuously dried to an average water content of 0.139 dry basis (ds). Models of drying kinetics were tested on the experimental data, evaluated the endosperms of the grains with scanning electron microscopy, analyzed the number of black-green defects, changes in color, electrical conductivity of the grain exudates and quantification of trigonelline, chlorogenic acids and caffeine. The Andrade model showed the best fit, except for treatments with Tbs of 40°C and Tpo of 7.5°C and Tpo of 11.2°C, which were the Valcam and Midilli models respectively. It was verified by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) that damage occurred in the green beans with the increase of temperature and in the black-green beans their cell structure is always well degraded regardless of the drying treatments performed. The smallest amounts of black-green defects were found at the lowest drying temperatures, with these grains presenting the highest values of L* and b*, and the lowest values of a*; also, lower values of electrical conductivity and chlorogenic acids.
The coffee harvest in Brazil is predominantly non-selective, by the complete stripping method, and due to the inequality of maturation, it results in a large portion of green fruits. One of the main stages of the post-harvest process is drying and this must be well established for this type of fruit, as they are more sensitive to this stage of processing. The general objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of drying at different dry bulb temperatures in combination with different dew point temperatures on green coffee fruits and on the quality of the grains. The unripe fruits were harvested manually and selectively, and had an average initial water content of 2.50 ± 0,08 kg.kg -1 (b.s.). Drying was carried out in a fixed layer dryer coupled to a composite air conditioning system in which the drying air was controlled with an air flow of 20 m3 min-1 m-2 , at temperatures used were three dry bulb temperatures (30 °C, 35 ° C and 40 °C) in combination of 4 dew point temperatures (7.5 °C, 11.2 °C, 16.2 °C and 20.4 °C). The unripe fruits were continuously dried to an average water content of 0.139 dry basis (ds). Models of drying kinetics were tested on the experimental data, evaluated the endosperms of the grains with scanning electron microscopy, analyzed the number of black-green defects, changes in color, electrical conductivity of the grain exudates and quantification of trigonelline, chlorogenic acids and caffeine. The Andrade model showed the best fit, except for treatments with Tbs of 40°C and Tpo of 7.5°C and Tpo of 11.2°C, which were the Valcam and Midilli models respectively. It was verified by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) that damage occurred in the green beans with the increase of temperature and in the black-green beans their cell structure is always well degraded regardless of the drying treatments performed. The smallest amounts of black-green defects were found at the lowest drying temperatures, with these grains presenting the highest values of L* and b*, and the lowest values of a*; also, lower values of electrical conductivity and chlorogenic acids.
Descrição
Tese de Doutorado defendida na Universidade Federal de Lavras
Palavras-chave
Coffea arabica L., Secagem, Frutos imaturos, MEV, Pretos-verdes, Bioativos, Drying, Immature fruits, SEM, Black-green, Bioactive
Citação
CARDOSO, Danilo Barbosa. Secagem de frutos verdes de café em diferentes temperaturas de bulbo seco e temperatura de ponto de orvalho. 2022. 78 p. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia Agrícola) – Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, 2022.