Variabilidade genética em famílias de meios-irmãos de cafeeiro robusta
Data
2014-02-24
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Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo
Resumo
O cultivo do café é uma das atividades do agronegócio de maior importância socioeconômica dentre as diferentes atividades ligadas ao comércio agrícola mundial. Uma das maiores contribuições da genética quantitativa para o melhoramento genético é a possibilidade de prever ganhos genéticos. Quando diferentes critérios de seleção são considerados, a predição de ganhos referentes a cada critério tem grande importância, pois indica os melhoristas sobre como utilizar o material genético disponível, visando obter o máximo de ganhos possível para as características de interesse. O presente trabalho foi instalado em julho de 2004, na Fazenda Experimental de Bananal do Norte, conduzida pelo Incaper, no distrito de Pacotuba, município de Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, região Sul do Estado, com o objetivo de selecionar as melhores plantas entre e dentro de progênies de meios- irmãos de Coffea canephora, por meio de diferentes critérios de seleção. Foram realizadas análises de variância individuais e conjuntas para 26 progênies de meios- irmãos Coffea canephora. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro testemunhas adicionais com quatro repetições e parcela composta por cinco plantas, com o espaçamento de 3,0 m x 1,2 m. Neste trabalho, considerou-se os dados das últimas cinco colheitas. As características mensuradas foram: florescimento, maturação, tamanho do grão, peso, porte, vigor, ferrugem, mancha cercóspora, seca de ponteiros, escala geral, porcentagem de frutos boia e bicho mineiro. Todas as análises estatísticas foram realizadas com o aplicativo computacional em genética e estatística (GENES). Foram estimados os ganhos de seleção em função da porcentagem de seleção de 20% entre e dentro, sendo as mesmas mantidas para todas as características. Todas as características foram submetidas a seleção no sentido positivo, exceto para florescimento, porte, ferrugem, mancha cercóspora, seca de ponteiros, porcentagem de frutos boia e bicho mineiro, para obter decréscimo em suas médias originais. Os critérios de seleção estudados foram: seleção convencional entre e dentro das famílias, índice de seleção combinada, seleção massal e seleção massal estratificada. Esta dissertação é composta por dois capítulos, em que foram realizadas análises biométricas, como a obtenção de estimativas de parâmetros genéticos. Na maioria das características estudadas, verificaram-se diferenças significativas (P<0,05) para genótipos que, associados aos coeficientes de variação genotípicos e também ao coeficiente de determinação genotípico e à relação CVg/CVe, indicam a existência de variabilidade genética nos materiais genéticos para a maioria das características e condições favoráveis para obtenção de ganhos genéticos pela seleção. Essas características também foram correlacionadas. Os dados foram submetidos às análises de variância e multivariada, aplicando-se a técnica de agrupamento e UPGMA, teste de médias e estudo de correlações. Na técnica de agrupamento, foi utilizada a distância generalizada de Mahalanobis como medida de dissimilaridade, e na delimitação dos grupos, o método de Tocher. Foi encontrada diversidade genética para as características associadas à qualidade fisiológica, mobilização de reserva das sementes, dimensões e biomassa das plântulas. Quatro grupos de genótipos puderam ser formados. Peso de massa seca de sementes, redução de reserva de sementes e peso de massa seca de plântulas estão positivamente correlacionados entre si, enquanto a redução de reserva das sementes e a eficiência na conversão dessas reservas em plântulas estão negativamente correlacionadas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, verificou-se que todas as características apresentaram níveis diferenciados de variabilidade genética e os critérios de seleção utilizados mostraram-se eficientes para o melhoramento, no qual o índice de seleção combinada é o critério de seleção que apresentou os melhores resultados em termos de ganhos, sendo indicado como critério mais apropriado para o melhoramento genético da população estudada. Nos estudos de correlações, em 70% dos casos, a correlação fenotípica foi superior à genotípica, mostrando maior influência dos fatores ambientais em relação aos genotípicos e condições propícias ao melhoramento dos diferentes caracteres. No estudo de divergência genética, observou-se que pelo agrupamento de genótipos, pela técnica de Tocher, indicou que os genótipos foram distribuídos em três grupos.
The coffee growing is one of the agribusiness activities with higher socioeconomic importance among the different activities related to global agricultural trade. One of the greatest contributions of quantitative genetic for genetic improvement is the ability of predicting genetic gains. When different selection criteria are considered, the prediction of gains related to each criterion is of great importance, because it indicates to the researchers about how to use the genetic material available, aiming to obtain the maximum possible gains for the characteristics of interest. This experiment was installed in July, 2005, at the Experimental Farm of Bananal do Norte, carried out by INCAPER, in Pacotuba district, municipality of Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, southern region of the state, with the aim of selecting the best plants within and among half-sibs progenies of Coffea canephora, using different selection criteria. Individual and joint analyzes of variance for 26 progenies of half-sibs of Coffea canephora were performed. The experimental design used was randomized block with four additional witnesses with four replications and plot consisting of five plants, with the spacing of 3.0 m x 1.2 m. In this experiment it was considered the data of the last five harvests. The characteristics measured were: flowering, maturation, grain size, weight, size, vigor, rust, cercospora spot, tip blight, general scale, float fruit percentage and leaf miner. All the statistical analyzes were performed with the computational application in genetics and statistics (GENES). The gains from selection were estimated according to the percentage of selection of 20% among and within, the same being maintained for all characteristics. All characteristics were submitted to selection in the positive direction, except for flowering, size, rust, cercospora spot, tip blight, float fruit percentage and leaf miner, for decrease in their original medium. The following selection criteria were studied: conventional selection among and within families, combined index selection, mass selection and stratified mass selection. This dissertation consists of two chapters, in which biometric analysis were performed, like the obtainment of estimates of genetic parameters. There were significant differences (P <0.05) in the most of the characteristics evaluated for genotypes that, associated with genotypic coefficients of variation and also with the coefficient of genotypic determination and the relation CVg / CVe, indicate the existence of genetic variability in the genetic materials for most characteristics and favorable conditions for the obtainment of genetic gain by selection. These characteristics were also correlated. The data were submitted to variance and multivariate analysis, applying the clustering technique and UPGMA, mean test and study of correlations. In the clustering technique, the Mahalanobis generalized distance was used as a dissimilarity measure, and at the delimitation of the groups, the method of Tocher was. Genetic diversity was found for the characteristics associated with physiological quality, mobilization of seed reserves, sizes and seedlings biomass. Four groups of genotypes could be formed. Dry weight of seeds, reduction of seeds reserves and dry weight of seedlings are positively correlated, while the reduction in seeds reserves and the conversion efficiency of these reserves in seedlings are negatively correlated. According to the results, it was found that all of the characteristics showed different levels of genetic variability and the selection criteria used were effective to the improvement, in which the combined selection index is the selection criteria that showed the best results in terms of gains, and it is indicated as the most appropriate criterion for genetic improvement of the population studied. In the correlation studies, in 70% of the cases the phenotypic correlation was higher than the genotypic, showing higher influence of environmental factors in relation to genotypics. In the study of genetic divergence, it was observed that the clustering of genotypes, by Tocher technique, indicated that the genotypes were divided into three groups.
The coffee growing is one of the agribusiness activities with higher socioeconomic importance among the different activities related to global agricultural trade. One of the greatest contributions of quantitative genetic for genetic improvement is the ability of predicting genetic gains. When different selection criteria are considered, the prediction of gains related to each criterion is of great importance, because it indicates to the researchers about how to use the genetic material available, aiming to obtain the maximum possible gains for the characteristics of interest. This experiment was installed in July, 2005, at the Experimental Farm of Bananal do Norte, carried out by INCAPER, in Pacotuba district, municipality of Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, southern region of the state, with the aim of selecting the best plants within and among half-sibs progenies of Coffea canephora, using different selection criteria. Individual and joint analyzes of variance for 26 progenies of half-sibs of Coffea canephora were performed. The experimental design used was randomized block with four additional witnesses with four replications and plot consisting of five plants, with the spacing of 3.0 m x 1.2 m. In this experiment it was considered the data of the last five harvests. The characteristics measured were: flowering, maturation, grain size, weight, size, vigor, rust, cercospora spot, tip blight, general scale, float fruit percentage and leaf miner. All the statistical analyzes were performed with the computational application in genetics and statistics (GENES). The gains from selection were estimated according to the percentage of selection of 20% among and within, the same being maintained for all characteristics. All characteristics were submitted to selection in the positive direction, except for flowering, size, rust, cercospora spot, tip blight, float fruit percentage and leaf miner, for decrease in their original medium. The following selection criteria were studied: conventional selection among and within families, combined index selection, mass selection and stratified mass selection. This dissertation consists of two chapters, in which biometric analysis were performed, like the obtainment of estimates of genetic parameters. There were significant differences (P <0.05) in the most of the characteristics evaluated for genotypes that, associated with genotypic coefficients of variation and also with the coefficient of genotypic determination and the relation CVg / CVe, indicate the existence of genetic variability in the genetic materials for most characteristics and favorable conditions for the obtainment of genetic gain by selection. These characteristics were also correlated. The data were submitted to variance and multivariate analysis, applying the clustering technique and UPGMA, mean test and study of correlations. In the clustering technique, the Mahalanobis generalized distance was used as a dissimilarity measure, and at the delimitation of the groups, the method of Tocher was. Genetic diversity was found for the characteristics associated with physiological quality, mobilization of seed reserves, sizes and seedlings biomass. Four groups of genotypes could be formed. Dry weight of seeds, reduction of seeds reserves and dry weight of seedlings are positively correlated, while the reduction in seeds reserves and the conversion efficiency of these reserves in seedlings are negatively correlated. According to the results, it was found that all of the characteristics showed different levels of genetic variability and the selection criteria used were effective to the improvement, in which the combined selection index is the selection criteria that showed the best results in terms of gains, and it is indicated as the most appropriate criterion for genetic improvement of the population studied. In the correlation studies, in 70% of the cases the phenotypic correlation was higher than the genotypic, showing higher influence of environmental factors in relation to genotypics. In the study of genetic divergence, it was observed that the clustering of genotypes, by Tocher technique, indicated that the genotypes were divided into three groups.
Descrição
Dissertação de mestrado defendida na Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo.
Palavras-chave
Café conilon, Melhoramento genético, Genética agrícola
Citação
PEREIRA, S. M. A. Variabilidade genética em famílias de meios-irmãos de cafeeiro robusta. 2014. 100 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Produção Vegetal) - Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre. 2014.