Avaliação da perda de NH3 de resíduos vegetais em lavoura cafeeira
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Data
2001
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Resumo
O nitrogênio de resíduos de plantas pode se perder por lixiviação, erosão ou por volatilização de NH3, sendo a última alvo de vários estudos, pois, em excesso, polui o ar atmosférico, alterando sua qualidade. Os resíduos vegetais melhoram as condições químicas, físicas e microbiológicas do solo e permitem reduzir o uso de fertilizantes industrializados. Os tratamentos utilizados neste experimento e os respectivos teores de N em g/m² foram: amendoim-perene (100), amendoim-cavalo (113), casca de café
(352), guandu (83), palha de milho (84), mucuna-cinza (55), folha de café (82), leucena (89). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a volatilização de NH3 dos resíduos vegetais em lavoura cafeeira. Em faixas de solo de 10 m², foram transferidas algumas espécies de resíduos vegetais manejados na superfície do solo, e a cada 72 horas determinou-se a NH3 volatilizada. O sistema coletor de NH3 volatilizada do solo é constituído de um frasco plástico transparente, tipo PET (Coca Cola â ), de 2 L sem a base, medindo 35 cm de altura e 10 cm de diâmetro. No interior deste frasco suspendeu-se uma fita de papel-filtro com 2,5 cm
de largura e 25 cm de comprimento. A extremidade inferior do papel foi submersa em 20 mL de solução captora de H2SO4 0,05 mol dm -3 + glicerina 2% (v/v), para manter úmido por 72 horas. A determinação de NH4 + da solução foi feita pelo método de espectrofotometria de verde de salicilato. O experimento teve duração de 50 dias; neste período, a temperatura média foi de 16,9 0 C, sofrendo variações significativas: máxima média de 22,2 0 C e mínima média de 7,7 0 C. A quantidade total de chuva no período foi de 268,3 mm, e a maior precipitação por dia observada foi de 41,5 mm. A massa de N-NH3 da testemunha
variou de 2 a 32 g/ha/coleta, e a dos resíduos teve variação de 8 a 2.814 g/ha/coleta, sendo a maior para a palha de milho. A menor perda acumulada foi de 359 g/ha para a leucena; a maior, de 13.135 g/ha, para a folha de café; e a testemunha perdeu 217 g/ha. A porcentagem da perda de NH3 por volatilização foi a seguinte: folha de café (1,5), palha de milho (1,4), mucuna (0,5), guandu (0,3), amendoim-perene (0,2), amendoim-cavalo (0,2), leucena (0,04) e casca de café (0,03).
Plant nitrogen can be lost by leaching, erosion, or volatilization as NH3, being the later well studied because in excess it is a potential polluter of the atmospheric air. It is well established that plant residue improves the chemical, physical, and microbiology soil properties and decreases the use of industrialized fertilizers. The objective of this work was to evaluate the NH3 losses from plant residue used as mulching coffee plantation. The treatments with their respective total N contents were: perennial peanut (100 g/m²), horse peanuts (113g/m²), coffee berry straw (352g/m²), pigeon pea (83g/m²), maize straw (84g/m²), velvet beans (55g/m²), coffee leaves (82g/m²), leucaena (89g/m²). Plant residues were placed on soil surface between coffee rows covering an area of 10 m², and the amounts of NH3 volatilized were measured each 72 hours during 50 days. During the experimental time the mean temperature was 16,9 0 C, mean maximum temperature was 22,2 0 C, mean minimum temperature was 7,7 0 C, total rain fall was 268,3mm, and the greatest rainfall was 41,5 mm/day. The NH3 lost from soil was colected in a plastic flask, PET type with botton removed, 2 liters capacity, 35cm high and 10 diameter of the botton. A filter paper strip was placed in the flask with 2,5 cm length and 25cm high. The botton portion of the filter paper was immersed in a 20 mL, 0,05 mol/dm³ H2SO4 solution + 2% (v/v) glicerin, in order to keep moistured for 72 hours. The NH3-N mass lost from the control plot varied from 2 to 32g/ha/sample and from the plant residues from 8 to 2814g/ha/sample, being the greatest valuer obtained for maize straw. The lowest accumulated NH3 loss was 359g/ha for leucaena, the greatest NH3 loss was 13135g/ha for coffee leaves, and the control plot lost 217g/ha of NH3. The losses (%) of NH3 volatilization are: coffee leaves (1,5), maize straw (1,4), velvet bean (0,5), pigeon pea (0,3), perennial peanut (0,2), horse peanuts (0,2), leucaena (0,04), coffee berry straw (0,03).
Plant nitrogen can be lost by leaching, erosion, or volatilization as NH3, being the later well studied because in excess it is a potential polluter of the atmospheric air. It is well established that plant residue improves the chemical, physical, and microbiology soil properties and decreases the use of industrialized fertilizers. The objective of this work was to evaluate the NH3 losses from plant residue used as mulching coffee plantation. The treatments with their respective total N contents were: perennial peanut (100 g/m²), horse peanuts (113g/m²), coffee berry straw (352g/m²), pigeon pea (83g/m²), maize straw (84g/m²), velvet beans (55g/m²), coffee leaves (82g/m²), leucaena (89g/m²). Plant residues were placed on soil surface between coffee rows covering an area of 10 m², and the amounts of NH3 volatilized were measured each 72 hours during 50 days. During the experimental time the mean temperature was 16,9 0 C, mean maximum temperature was 22,2 0 C, mean minimum temperature was 7,7 0 C, total rain fall was 268,3mm, and the greatest rainfall was 41,5 mm/day. The NH3 lost from soil was colected in a plastic flask, PET type with botton removed, 2 liters capacity, 35cm high and 10 diameter of the botton. A filter paper strip was placed in the flask with 2,5 cm length and 25cm high. The botton portion of the filter paper was immersed in a 20 mL, 0,05 mol/dm³ H2SO4 solution + 2% (v/v) glicerin, in order to keep moistured for 72 hours. The NH3-N mass lost from the control plot varied from 2 to 32g/ha/sample and from the plant residues from 8 to 2814g/ha/sample, being the greatest valuer obtained for maize straw. The lowest accumulated NH3 loss was 359g/ha for leucaena, the greatest NH3 loss was 13135g/ha for coffee leaves, and the control plot lost 217g/ha of NH3. The losses (%) of NH3 volatilization are: coffee leaves (1,5), maize straw (1,4), velvet bean (0,5), pigeon pea (0,3), perennial peanut (0,2), horse peanuts (0,2), leucaena (0,04), coffee berry straw (0,03).
Descrição
Trabalho apresentado no Simpósio de Pesquisa dos Cafés do Brasil (2. : 2001 : Vitória, ES). Resumos. Brasília, D.F. : Embrapa Café, 2001. 181p. : il.
Palavras-chave
Café Resíduos vegetais Perda de NH3, NH3 losses Plant residue Coffee plantation.
Citação
Fin, Fernanda A.; Miyazawa, Mário; Chaves, Júlio César D.; Pavan, Marcos A. Avaliação da perda de NH3 de resíduos vegetais em lavoura cafeeira. In: Simpósio Brasileiro de Pesquisa dos Cafés do Brasil (2. : 2001 : Vitória, ES). Anais. Brasília, D.F. : Embrapa Café, 2001. (CD-ROM), p. 2322-2328.