Aclimatação da maquinaria fotossintética do cafeeiro cultivado em diferentes níveis de luz e de disponibilidade hídrica.
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Data
2009
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
O cafeeiro é originário das florestas tropicais da África, onde é encontrado como vegetação de sub-bosque, desenvolvendo-se sob sombra. No Brasil, no entanto, os cafezais vêm sendo conduzidos quase exclusivamente a pleno sol. Cafezais a pleno sol produzem, na maioria dos casos, mais que os plantios à sombra, o que deve envolver altos investimentos em mecanismos fotoprotetores. Hipotetiza-se, pois, que o cultivo de cafezais sombreado reduziria os efeitos negativos do déficit hídrico (DH). Neste estudo, pretendeu-se analisar o desempenho fotossintético, as relações hídricas e o metabolismo antioxidativo em plantas de Coffea arabica L. cv. ‘Catuaí Vermelho’ cultivadas em vasos, utilizando-se de três níveis de irradiância e três níveis de disponibilidade hídrica. De modo geral, não foi observada significância estatística da interação entre os tratamentos hídricos e lumínicos, mas uma resposta independente e ortogonal. As plantas do ambiente com sombreamento de 35% apresentaram maiores valores médios da taxa de assimilação líquida de carbono sob DH moderado, nos dois horários de medição (08:00 e 12:00h) e, sob DH severo, não se obserbou diferença significativa na resposta das plantas entre os ambientes lumínicos. A condutância estomática foi sempre maior nas plantas-controle que nas plantas sob DH, independentemente do regime lumínico. A transpiração total das plantas diferiu estatisticamente entre os tratamentos lumínicos e entre os regimes hídricos, apresentando maiores taxas nas plantas dos ambientes com maiores níveis de radiação solar e naquelas mantidas irrigadas. A área foliar total foi similar entre as plantas dos ambientes sombreados e maior em comparação com as plantas a pleno sol. A eficiência fotoquímica máxima do fotossistema II (FSII), assim como a eficiência de captura da energia de excitação pelos centros de reação abertos do FSII, a eficiência quântica do transporte de elétrons pelo FSII e o coeficiente de extinção fotoquímico não responderam aos regimes hídricos, independentemente dos ambientes lumínicos, exceto sob DH severo, condição na qual o uso da energia na fotoquímica foi limitado. O coeficiente de extinção não-fotoquímico (NPQ) não variou em resposta ao DH moderado, porém, sob DH severo, observaram-se reduções em NPQ. As plantas sob sombreamento mais intenso (70%), de modo geral, apresentaram maiores valores de concentrações de clorofilas (Cl) totais e da razão Cl a/b em comparação com as de outros ambientes de luz, na antemanhã. Os carotenóides (Car) totais e a relação Cl/Car não diferiram significativamente na antemanhã. Ao meio-dia, somente os valores médios das razões Cl a/b e Cl/Car diferiram significativamente em relação aos ambientes lumínicos, com as plantas a pleno sol apresentando os menores valores e aquelas do ambiente mais sombreado os maiores. As plantas a pleno sol e sob sombreamento de 35% apresentaram concentrações semelhantes entre si e maiores de anteraxantina e de zeaxantina que as plantas sob 70% de sombreamento, indicando maior necessidade de fotoproteção. Em adição, também apresentaram maior concentração de VAZ (soma das concentrações de violaxantina, anteraxantina e zeaxantina) e maior grau de desepoxidação dos carotenóides do ciclo das xantofilas. Os danos celulares, avaliados via extravasamento de eletrólitos e produção de aldeído malônico, foram significativamente mais intensos nas plantas submetidas ao déficit hídrico do que nos respectivos controles irrigados, independentemente dos ambientes lumínicos. A partir dos resultados encontrados, acredita-se que o uso do sombreamento de 35% seria interessante por melhorar as condições ambientais, pouco afetando o desempenho agronômico dessas plantas em comparação com as cultivadas a pleno sol.
The coffee is indigenous to African tropical forests, where it is found as an understory species growing under shade. In Brazil, however, the coffee plantations have been conducted almost exclusively in full sun. Coffee in full sunlight produce, in most cases, more than shaded plantations, although at the expense of a high investment in photoprotective mechanisms. It is hypothesized that the cultivation of coffee under shade would reduce the negative effects of water deficit (WD). In this study, the photosynthetic performance, the water relations and the antioxidant metabolism were analyzed in plants of Coffea arabica L. cv. ' Catuaí Vermelho'. The plants were grown in pots under three levels of irradiance and three levels of water availability. Overall, there was no statistical significance of the interaction between water and light treatments, but instead an independent and orthogonal response was found. Plants at 35% shading showed higher average rate of net carbon assimilation (A) under moderate WD in the two measurement times (08:00 and 12:00 h); under severe WD A was similar regardless of the light environments. The stomatal conductance (gs) was always higher in control plants than in droughted plants, regardless of the light regime. The total plant transpiration (E) differed significantly among the light treatments and water regimes; higher E rates were found in well-irrigated plants grown in the sun. The total leaf area was similar between plants in shaded environments and higher than in plants in full sun. The photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II (PSII) and the capture efficiency of excitation energy by open reaction centers of PSII (Fv'/Fm'), the quantum efficiency of electron transport by PSII (ΦPSII) and the photochemical quenching (qP) all did not respond to the water supply, regardless of the light environments except under severe WD condition in which the use of energy in photochemistry was limited. The coefficient of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) did not vary in response to moderate WD; however, under severe WD, reductions in NPQ were found. Plants under deep shade (70%) generally showed higher concentrations of total chlorophyll (Chl) and Chl a/b ratio compared with plants from the other light environments, as found at predawn. Total carotenoids (Car) and Chl/Car ratio did not differ significantly at the predawn. The Chl a/b and Chl/Car ratios differed significantly in response to the light environments with the plants full sunlight grown showing the lowest ratios and plants from deep shade the largest ones, but only at midday. Plants in full sun and under 35% shading had antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin concentrations similar to each other, but superior to those of the deepest shaded plants, indicating a greater need for photoprotection. In addition, those plants also showed a higher VAZ pool (sum of the concentrations of violaxanthin, anteraxanthin and zeaxanthin) and higher values of DEPS (depoxidation state of the xanthophylls cycle). Cellular damages, evaluated via electrolyte leakage and production of malondialdehyde, were significantly more severe in plants grown under water deficit than in their control counterparts, regardless of the light environment. From the above, it is believed that the use of 35% shading would be an interesting option to improve environmental conditions without negatively impacting the agronomic performance of shaded coffee plants compared with those grown in full sun.
The coffee is indigenous to African tropical forests, where it is found as an understory species growing under shade. In Brazil, however, the coffee plantations have been conducted almost exclusively in full sun. Coffee in full sunlight produce, in most cases, more than shaded plantations, although at the expense of a high investment in photoprotective mechanisms. It is hypothesized that the cultivation of coffee under shade would reduce the negative effects of water deficit (WD). In this study, the photosynthetic performance, the water relations and the antioxidant metabolism were analyzed in plants of Coffea arabica L. cv. ' Catuaí Vermelho'. The plants were grown in pots under three levels of irradiance and three levels of water availability. Overall, there was no statistical significance of the interaction between water and light treatments, but instead an independent and orthogonal response was found. Plants at 35% shading showed higher average rate of net carbon assimilation (A) under moderate WD in the two measurement times (08:00 and 12:00 h); under severe WD A was similar regardless of the light environments. The stomatal conductance (gs) was always higher in control plants than in droughted plants, regardless of the light regime. The total plant transpiration (E) differed significantly among the light treatments and water regimes; higher E rates were found in well-irrigated plants grown in the sun. The total leaf area was similar between plants in shaded environments and higher than in plants in full sun. The photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II (PSII) and the capture efficiency of excitation energy by open reaction centers of PSII (Fv'/Fm'), the quantum efficiency of electron transport by PSII (ΦPSII) and the photochemical quenching (qP) all did not respond to the water supply, regardless of the light environments except under severe WD condition in which the use of energy in photochemistry was limited. The coefficient of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) did not vary in response to moderate WD; however, under severe WD, reductions in NPQ were found. Plants under deep shade (70%) generally showed higher concentrations of total chlorophyll (Chl) and Chl a/b ratio compared with plants from the other light environments, as found at predawn. Total carotenoids (Car) and Chl/Car ratio did not differ significantly at the predawn. The Chl a/b and Chl/Car ratios differed significantly in response to the light environments with the plants full sunlight grown showing the lowest ratios and plants from deep shade the largest ones, but only at midday. Plants in full sun and under 35% shading had antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin concentrations similar to each other, but superior to those of the deepest shaded plants, indicating a greater need for photoprotection. In addition, those plants also showed a higher VAZ pool (sum of the concentrations of violaxanthin, anteraxanthin and zeaxanthin) and higher values of DEPS (depoxidation state of the xanthophylls cycle). Cellular damages, evaluated via electrolyte leakage and production of malondialdehyde, were significantly more severe in plants grown under water deficit than in their control counterparts, regardless of the light environment. From the above, it is believed that the use of 35% shading would be an interesting option to improve environmental conditions without negatively impacting the agronomic performance of shaded coffee plants compared with those grown in full sun.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado defendida na Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Palavras-chave
Café Fotossíntese Aclimatação Níveis de luz Disponibilidade hídrica Eficiência fotoquímica máxima Desempenho fotossintético Relações hídricas Metabolismo antioxidativo Coffea arabica, Coffee Photosynthesis Acclimation Levels of light Water availability Photochemical efficiency Photosynthetic performance Water relations Antioxidant metabolism Coffea arabica
Citação
Oliveira, Álvaro Augusto Guimarães. Aclimatação da maquinaria fotossintética do cafeeiro cultivado em diferentes níveis de luz e de disponibilidade hídrica. Viçosa, 2009. 40p.:il. Dissertação (Mestrado em Fisiologia Vegetal ). Orientador: Fábio Murilo DaMatta. T 633.73 O48a 2009