Caracterização do encrostamento superficial do solo cultivado com cafeeiros submetido ao controle de plantas daninhas com herbicida de pré-emergência
Data
2015-12-21
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Editor
Universidade Federal de Lavras
Resumo
O solo desprovido de cobertura vegetal está sujeito ao impacto direto das gotas de chuva, acarretando a quebra dos agregados e dispersão da argila que, a partir da sua migração com a água infiltrante ocasiona o entupimento dos poros formando um selo superficial. No presente trabalho, objetivou-se caracterizar o encrostamento superficial e o comportamento físico-hídrico de um Latossolo Vermelho submetido ao controle químico de plantas daninhas em cultivo de café. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: herbicida de pré-emergência (solo encrostado), herbicida de pós-emergência e sem capina. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados, perfazendo um fatorial, 3x2, sendo três métodos de controle, duas camadas analisadas (0-5 e 5-15 cm) e nove repetições. Foram realizadas análises para caracterização física e química das camadas amostradas. A presença do encrostamento superficial do solo ficou caracterizada por baixos valores de infiltração acumulada e condutividade hidráulica, assim como pelos maiores valores de resistência à penetração e densidade do solo. A aplicação contínua de herbicida de pré-emergência no Latossolo Vermelho resulta em menor rugosidade superficial, parâmetro intrínseco de solos encrostados. Imagens por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e mapeamento dos elementos, a partir da espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EED), não somente permitiram visualizar a estrutura granular e presença de diversos minerais no Latossolo, mas também diferentes padrões de agregação e porosidade. A formação de crostas na superfície do solo influenciou o comportamento físico-hídrico do Latossolo Vermelho submetido a métodos químicos de controle de plantas daninhas na cultura do café. O manejo do solo com herbicida de pré-emergência, em decorrência da formação de encrostamento superficial, causou uma redução do volume de poros com diâmetro superior a 145 μM, afetando negativamente os processos na drenagem e arejamento do solo. Por outro lado, o aumento da capacidade de água disponível do solo com crosta superficial na camada subsuperficial denota um potencial de reter mais água do que os demais tratamentos avaliados.
Soil devoid of vegetation cover are prone to the direct impact of raindrops, resulting in the breakdown of aggregates and clay dispersion that, combined with the infiltrating water, causes the clogging of pores and, consequently, a sealed surface. In this present study, we aimed at characterizing the surface crusting and physical-hydric behavior of a Red Latosol exposed to chemical weed control of coffee crop. The weed control methods evaluated were pre-emergence herbicide (crusted soil), post-emergence herbicide, and with no weeding (no crusted soil). The experimental design was of randomized block, using a 3x2 factorial scheme that represents three control methods and two layers (0-5 and 5-15 cm) with nine replicates. Physical and chemical analysis of the layers were performed. The presence of superficial crusting on the soil was characterized by smaller values of accumulated infiltration and hydraulic conductivity, as well as greater penetration resistance and bulk density. The continuous application of pre-emergence herbicide to Red Latosol resulted in lower surface roughness, an intrinsic pattern of crusted soils. The evaluation of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images and the mapping of elements from the Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) were capable of demonstrating the presence of several minerals and the granular structure of a Latosol, as well as the different patterns of aggregation and porosity. Crust formation on the soil surface influenced the physical-hydric behavior of a Red Latosol exposed to chemical weed control methods in coffee crops. Soil management with pre- emergence herbicide caused a reduction in the amount of pores with diameter greater than 145 μm, due to the formation of surface crust, which negatively affected the processes of soil drainage and aeration. On the other hand, the increase of available water capacity for an encrusted soil in the subsurface layer denotes a potential to retain more water than the other evaluated treatments.
Soil devoid of vegetation cover are prone to the direct impact of raindrops, resulting in the breakdown of aggregates and clay dispersion that, combined with the infiltrating water, causes the clogging of pores and, consequently, a sealed surface. In this present study, we aimed at characterizing the surface crusting and physical-hydric behavior of a Red Latosol exposed to chemical weed control of coffee crop. The weed control methods evaluated were pre-emergence herbicide (crusted soil), post-emergence herbicide, and with no weeding (no crusted soil). The experimental design was of randomized block, using a 3x2 factorial scheme that represents three control methods and two layers (0-5 and 5-15 cm) with nine replicates. Physical and chemical analysis of the layers were performed. The presence of superficial crusting on the soil was characterized by smaller values of accumulated infiltration and hydraulic conductivity, as well as greater penetration resistance and bulk density. The continuous application of pre-emergence herbicide to Red Latosol resulted in lower surface roughness, an intrinsic pattern of crusted soils. The evaluation of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images and the mapping of elements from the Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) were capable of demonstrating the presence of several minerals and the granular structure of a Latosol, as well as the different patterns of aggregation and porosity. Crust formation on the soil surface influenced the physical-hydric behavior of a Red Latosol exposed to chemical weed control methods in coffee crops. Soil management with pre- emergence herbicide caused a reduction in the amount of pores with diameter greater than 145 μm, due to the formation of surface crust, which negatively affected the processes of soil drainage and aeration. On the other hand, the increase of available water capacity for an encrusted soil in the subsurface layer denotes a potential to retain more water than the other evaluated treatments.
Descrição
Tese de Doutorado defendida na Universidade Federal de Lavras
Palavras-chave
Selamento, Agregação, Manejo do solo
Citação
SIQUEIRA, R. H. S. Caracterização do encrostamento superficial do solo cultivado com cafeeiros submetido ao controle de plantas daninhas com herbicida de pré-emergência. 2015. 79 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência do Solo) - Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras. 2015.