Respostas do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L. cv. Catuaí) à adubação mineral e orgânica em solos de baixa fertilidade do sul de Minas Gerais
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Data
1986
Autores
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Editor
Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz
Resumo
A baixa produtividde brasileira, dentre várias causas, deve-se à falta de uma adubação adequada. Aliado a este fato sabe-se que nos últimos anos os novos plantios de cafeeiros em Minas Gerais principalmente, têm sido feitos em solos de baixa fertilidade natural. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer: a) as curvas de respostas do cafeeiro submetido a adubação NPK em solos de baixa fertilidade; b) os efeitos da matéria orgânica como fonte e melhorando o suprimento de nutrientes para o cafeeiro; c) níveis adequados e ajuste nas adubações para os anos de alta e baixa produção e, d) relações entre teores dos nutrientes no solo e as produções, estabelecendo níveis críticos e classes de fertilidade do solo. Os ensaios foram instalados em quatro solos onde se planta o cafeeiro no Sul d e Minas Gerais, um Latossolo Vermelho Escuro (LE ) em Machado e Alfenas, um Latossolo Vermelho Escuro Húmico (LEH) em Alfenas, todos sob vegetação de cerrado e um Latossolo Roxo (LRD) sob vegetação de floresta tropical subperenifólia transicional para cerrado em S.S. do Paraíso. O delineamento experimental foi um fatorial 3 x 3 x 3 com parcelas subdivididas onde combinou-se doses de N, P e K na presença e ausência de matéria orgânica, com esterco de galinha Plantou-se cafeeiros da cultivar Catuaí espaçados de 4.0 x 1,O m
util izando-se uma muda por cova e durante a condução dos ensaios, foram coletados os dados de produção e periodicamente feita s análises de solos. As curvas de resposta no LE de Machado e Al fenas e no LEH de Alfenas evidenciaram que doses intermediárias de N foram suficientes para produções máximas ocorrendo também nestes solos
respostas relevantes a P e quanto ao K , este pareceu ser o nutriente mais limitante à produção nos quatro solos estudados.
Ocorreram respostas generalizadas a adição de matéria orgânica, a exceção quando feita no LRD de S. S. do Paraíso. As adubações NPK em suas melhores relações, na ausência de matéria orgânica, proporcionaram produções elevadas mostrando que nestas condições esta poderia ser dispensada. Em relações desfavoráveis a matéria orgânica, corrigiu desbalanços nutricionais aumentando a produção. As correlações entre doses de fertilizantes e produções relativas demonstraram que a produção máxima na primeira colheita correspondeu a uma dose de 122.0 g de P205/cova aplicada no plantio; a uma dose de 75,0 g/cova na 3a. Colheita e a 58,5 g/cova na 5a. Colheita, nos locais onde as respostas a P foram siginificativas. Em nenhum local, nos anos de baixa produção as respostas a P foram significativas. Quanto ao K, produções máximas na primeira colheita corresponderam a uma dose de 72.0 g de K20/cova; a uma dose de 113,O e de 118.0 g de K20/cova respectivamente na ausência e presença de matéria orgânica, na 3a. colheita e a 191,O g de K20/cova na 5a. colheita. O nível crítico de P no solo, correspondente a uma produção relativa de 90% da produção máxima foi de 0,089 e.mg/100 cm3 de solo (9.2 ppm), nos locais e anos ern que as respostas foram significativas. O nível crítico de K no solo foi de O.287 e.mg/lOO cm3 de solo (112 ppm) nos anos de alta produção e d e 0,15 e.mg/100 cm3 de solo (60 ppm) nos anos de baixa produção, nos locais em que as respostas a este nutriente foram significativas.
The low average yields of the coffee plantations in Brazil is due to various causes, lack of adequate fertilization being one of them. In the particular case of the South of the State of Minas Gerais, it is well known, on the other hand, that new plantations have been established in soils of low original fertility. The present study had the following goals: (1) to obtain response curves to N, P, and K in soils of low original fertility; (2) verifying the effects of organic matter addition in combination with mineral fertilizers; (3) To ascertain adequate levels and to find out the necessary adjustements in the fertilizer programme taking into account the bianneral habit of bearing of the coffee plantations; (4) to obtain calibration curves describing the relationship between the levels of nutrients in the soil and coffee yields, as well as to establish soil fertility classes. The experiments were laid out in four places, in the Southern region of the State of Minas Gerais, namely Alfenas County (Dark Red Latosol, LE, and Humic Dark Red Latosol, LEH); Machado County (Dark Red Latosol, LE); S. Sebastião do Paraíso County ("Roxo" Latosol Distrophic, LRD). Whilst in the cases of Alfenas and Machado the soils were originally under "cerrado" vegetation, the LRD was under tropical sub-perennial forest with transition to "cerrado". The experimental design was 3x3x3 NPK factorial with split plot corresponding to organic matter addition as poultry manure. The Catuaí variety was planted with the spacing of 4,0 x 1,0 m. During the experiment soil samples were collected and analysed and yield data were recorded. Response curves in the LE of Machado and Alfenas, as well as in the LEH of Alfenas revealed that intermediate rates of N were sufficient to reach maximum physical yields. In the both places a marked effect of P was registered. Lack of K seemed to be the most limiting factor in the four experiments. There were responses to the addition of organic matter, the exception being in the LRD of S. Sebastião do Paraíso. The best N: P:K rations, however, in the absence of the organic matter supplement, were able to provide very high yields, thereby suggesting that the organic fertilizer was not required. When the ratios were not adequate, on the other hand, yields were raised by the addition of organic matter which seemingly contributed more nutrients to the coffee plant. Correlation studies between rate of application and relative yields showed that maximum yield in the first harvest was obtained with 122g P2O5/cova applied at planting (cova - Portuguese for planting hole); 75 and 58.5 g /cova, respectively were needed for the third and fifth harvest; these figures refer to places wherein responses to P were significant. In the low yielding years there was no response to P. Maximum yields at the first harvest occurred when 72 g K2O/cova were applied; in the absence of organic matter 118 g K2O/ cova were needed for the third harvest; 113 g K2O/cova were sufficient in the presence of organic matter. In the case of the fifth harvest 191g K2O/cova were required to reach the highest yield. The criticalI level of P, corresponding to 90 per cent of the maximum relative yield, was found to be 0,089meq/100cm3 (9.2 ppm) of soil, the extracting agent being Mehlich´s (double acid). This data refers to places and years in which the response was significant. The critical level for soil K was 0.287 meq/100 cm3 (112 ppm) and 0.15 meq /100 cm3 (60 ppm), respectively wherein a significant response was registered.
The low average yields of the coffee plantations in Brazil is due to various causes, lack of adequate fertilization being one of them. In the particular case of the South of the State of Minas Gerais, it is well known, on the other hand, that new plantations have been established in soils of low original fertility. The present study had the following goals: (1) to obtain response curves to N, P, and K in soils of low original fertility; (2) verifying the effects of organic matter addition in combination with mineral fertilizers; (3) To ascertain adequate levels and to find out the necessary adjustements in the fertilizer programme taking into account the bianneral habit of bearing of the coffee plantations; (4) to obtain calibration curves describing the relationship between the levels of nutrients in the soil and coffee yields, as well as to establish soil fertility classes. The experiments were laid out in four places, in the Southern region of the State of Minas Gerais, namely Alfenas County (Dark Red Latosol, LE, and Humic Dark Red Latosol, LEH); Machado County (Dark Red Latosol, LE); S. Sebastião do Paraíso County ("Roxo" Latosol Distrophic, LRD). Whilst in the cases of Alfenas and Machado the soils were originally under "cerrado" vegetation, the LRD was under tropical sub-perennial forest with transition to "cerrado". The experimental design was 3x3x3 NPK factorial with split plot corresponding to organic matter addition as poultry manure. The Catuaí variety was planted with the spacing of 4,0 x 1,0 m. During the experiment soil samples were collected and analysed and yield data were recorded. Response curves in the LE of Machado and Alfenas, as well as in the LEH of Alfenas revealed that intermediate rates of N were sufficient to reach maximum physical yields. In the both places a marked effect of P was registered. Lack of K seemed to be the most limiting factor in the four experiments. There were responses to the addition of organic matter, the exception being in the LRD of S. Sebastião do Paraíso. The best N: P:K rations, however, in the absence of the organic matter supplement, were able to provide very high yields, thereby suggesting that the organic fertilizer was not required. When the ratios were not adequate, on the other hand, yields were raised by the addition of organic matter which seemingly contributed more nutrients to the coffee plant. Correlation studies between rate of application and relative yields showed that maximum yield in the first harvest was obtained with 122g P2O5/cova applied at planting (cova - Portuguese for planting hole); 75 and 58.5 g /cova, respectively were needed for the third and fifth harvest; these figures refer to places wherein responses to P were significant. In the low yielding years there was no response to P. Maximum yields at the first harvest occurred when 72 g K2O/cova were applied; in the absence of organic matter 118 g K2O/ cova were needed for the third harvest; 113 g K2O/cova were sufficient in the presence of organic matter. In the case of the fifth harvest 191g K2O/cova were required to reach the highest yield. The criticalI level of P, corresponding to 90 per cent of the maximum relative yield, was found to be 0,089meq/100cm3 (9.2 ppm) of soil, the extracting agent being Mehlich´s (double acid). This data refers to places and years in which the response was significant. The critical level for soil K was 0.287 meq/100 cm3 (112 ppm) and 0.15 meq /100 cm3 (60 ppm), respectively wherein a significant response was registered.
Descrição
Tese de Doutorado defendida na Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz
Palavras-chave
Café Adubos e fertilizantes Adubação mineral Adubação orgânica Relação solo-planta Qualidade, Coffee Mineral fertilization Organic fertilization Soil-plant relation Quality
Citação
Guimarães, Paulo Tácito Gontijo. Respostas do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L. cv. Catuaí) à adubação mineral e orgânica em solos de baixa fertilidade do sul de Minas Gerais. Piracicaba : ESALQ, 1986. 140p. : il. (Tese - doutorado em Agronomia, área de concentracão: Solos e Nutrição de Plantas) Orientador: Eurípedes Malavolta T 633.73891 G963r 1986