Alteração nas características físicas, químicas e bioquímicas da água no processo de lavagem, despolpa e desmucilagem de frutos do cafeeiro
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2005
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Este estudo teve por objetivo as caracterizações físicas, químicas e bioquímicas da água residuária da lavagem, despolpa e desmucilagem dos frutos do café (Coffea arabica L.). Estas operações contribuíram efetivamente na obtenção de um café de melhor qualidade e permitiram a redução da massa total a ser processada e o volume do café a ser armazenado. O processamento dos frutos úmidos que envolvem lavagem, despolpamento e desmucilagem também contribuíram para a redução do tempo de secagem, consumo de energia e para diminuição dos custos totais do processamento do café. Durante o processo de lavagem são gerados entre 0,1 L a 0,2 L de água residuária por litro de frutos de café processados. O valor real depende do tamanho do tanque de lavagem e do número de recirculações feitas durante o dia. O experimento foi montado em uma fazenda localizada no município de São Miguel do Anta, Estado de Minas Gerais. Foi utilizado café cereja, da variedade Catuaí, colhido pelo método de derriça manual sobre pano, no período entre maio e julho de 2004. O teor inicial de água dos frutos no início da colheita foi, aproximadamente, 60 % b.u., contendo, em massa, 68 % de frutos maduros, 16 % de frutos verdes e verdoengos e 16 % de frutos secados na planta. Amostras de água foram coletadas antes e após a entrada dos frutos no lavador/separador mecânico, no despolpador e no desmucilador. Também foram coletadas amostras da água descartada no final do processo. Foram processados aproximadamente 11.000 litros de frutos por dia, para um volume médio de 3,0 litros de água para cada litro de fruto, na primeira despolpa e de 1,8 litros de água para cada litro de fruto na segunda despolpa. Os elevados valores de DBO e DQO indicaram que as águas residuárias possuem elevada carga orgânica e, se forem lançadas em corpos hídricos receptores sem tratamento prévio, poderão ocasionar sérios problemas ambientais. A elevada concentração de sólidos totais (ST), dos quais a maior parte é composta por sólidos voláteis (SV), podem ser removidos através de tratamento biológico. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que é necessário realizar o tratamento prévio da água residuária produzida durante o processamento dos frutos do café, visto que as concentrações de sólidos totais e DBO de 12.826 e 5.821,2 mg.L-1 , respectivamente, estão superiores aqueles permitidos pela legislação ambiental para o lançamento de efluentes em um corpo hídrico receptor. Reforça-se a idéia do aproveitamento de nutrientes contidos neste resíduo, de forma adequada, como fertilizante, considerando que as concentrações de nitrogênio e, principalmente, de potássio, são relativamente altas. O valor dessas águas como fertilizante é forte indicativo da possibilidade de sua utilização em sistemas solo-planta, como forma de tratamento dessas águas.
This study had as objective the physical and biochemical characterization of the residual water from the washing, peeling and mucilage removal of the coffee fruits (Coffea arabica L.). These operations contribute effectively in obtaining better coffee quality and allow the reduction of the total mass to be processed and coffee volume to be stored. The wet coffee processing that involve washing, peeling and mucilage removal also contribute to the reduction of the drying time, energy consumption and to lower the total costs of coffee processing. During the coffee washing process it is generated between 0.1 L to 0.2 L of residual water per liter of processed coffee fruits. The real value depends on the washing tank size and the number of water renewal made during the day. The experiment was carried out in a farm located in São Miguel do Anta county, State of Minas Gerais - Brazil. Coffee cherries, Catuaí variety, were manually strip harvested on the plastic sheet, during May and July, 2004. The coffee initial moisture content at the beginning of the harvest season was, approximately, 60% w.b., containing 68% (weight) of matures fruits, 16% of green and partially ripe and 16% of tree dried fruits. Water samples, which entered and left the mechanical washer/separator, peeler and mucilage remover were collected. Also samples of the discarded water at the end of the process were collected. Approximately 11,000 L of coffee fruits were processed per day with an average of 3.0 L of water per liter of coffee fruit during the first peeling pass and of 1.8 L of water for the second peeling pass. The high values of BDO and CDO indicated that the residual water have a high organic load and if discarded in fluvial receptors without previous treatment, can cause serious environmental problems. The high concentration of total solids (TS), from which big part is composed by volatile solids (VS), can be removed by biological treatment. Based on the study results, it was concluded that it is necessary to realize previous treatment of the residual water from coffee wet processing, since the concentrations of TS and BDO of 12,826 and 5,821 mg.L-1 , respectively, are superior to the levels permitted by the environmental legislation to discharge residual water in fluvial receptors. The advantages of using the nutrients contained in this residue, as fertilizer, are reinforced considering that nitrogen and, specially, potassium’s concentrations, are relatively high. The value of the residual water as fertilizer is strong indicative of the possibility of it's use in soil-plants system, as a form of residual water treatment.
This study had as objective the physical and biochemical characterization of the residual water from the washing, peeling and mucilage removal of the coffee fruits (Coffea arabica L.). These operations contribute effectively in obtaining better coffee quality and allow the reduction of the total mass to be processed and coffee volume to be stored. The wet coffee processing that involve washing, peeling and mucilage removal also contribute to the reduction of the drying time, energy consumption and to lower the total costs of coffee processing. During the coffee washing process it is generated between 0.1 L to 0.2 L of residual water per liter of processed coffee fruits. The real value depends on the washing tank size and the number of water renewal made during the day. The experiment was carried out in a farm located in São Miguel do Anta county, State of Minas Gerais - Brazil. Coffee cherries, Catuaí variety, were manually strip harvested on the plastic sheet, during May and July, 2004. The coffee initial moisture content at the beginning of the harvest season was, approximately, 60% w.b., containing 68% (weight) of matures fruits, 16% of green and partially ripe and 16% of tree dried fruits. Water samples, which entered and left the mechanical washer/separator, peeler and mucilage remover were collected. Also samples of the discarded water at the end of the process were collected. Approximately 11,000 L of coffee fruits were processed per day with an average of 3.0 L of water per liter of coffee fruit during the first peeling pass and of 1.8 L of water for the second peeling pass. The high values of BDO and CDO indicated that the residual water have a high organic load and if discarded in fluvial receptors without previous treatment, can cause serious environmental problems. The high concentration of total solids (TS), from which big part is composed by volatile solids (VS), can be removed by biological treatment. Based on the study results, it was concluded that it is necessary to realize previous treatment of the residual water from coffee wet processing, since the concentrations of TS and BDO of 12,826 and 5,821 mg.L-1 , respectively, are superior to the levels permitted by the environmental legislation to discharge residual water in fluvial receptors. The advantages of using the nutrients contained in this residue, as fertilizer, are reinforced considering that nitrogen and, specially, potassium’s concentrations, are relatively high. The value of the residual water as fertilizer is strong indicative of the possibility of it's use in soil-plants system, as a form of residual water treatment.
Descrição
Trabalho apresentado no Simpósio de Pesquisa dos Cafés do Brasil (4. : 2005 : Londrina, PR). Anais. Brasília, D.F. : Embrapa Café, 2005.
Palavras-chave
Café Processamento Água residuária Poluição, Coffee processing Waste waters Pollution
Citação
Rigueira, R.J.A.; Lacerda Filho, A.F.; Matos, A.T. Alteração nas características físicas, químicas e bioquímicas da água no processo de lavagem, despolpa e desmucilagem de frutos do cafeeiro. In: Simpósio de Pesquisa dos Cafés do Brasil (4. : Londrina, PR : 2005). Anais. Brasília, D.F. : Embrapa - Café, 2005. (1 CD-ROM), 5p.