Sustentabilidade de sistemas de produção de café sombreado orgânico e convencional
Data
2009
Autores
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Editor
Universidade de São Paulo
Resumo
Produzido em mais de 60 países e movimentando anualmente US$ 70 bilhões, o café é a segunda commodity mais comercializada no mundo, atrás somente do petróleo. É também, depois da água, a bebida mais popular, com consumo mundial anual superior a 400 bilhões de xícaras. O mercado internacional de cafés especiais, como orgânicos, sombreados, gourmets e socialmente justos cresce 12% ao ano, gerando oportunidades para produtores de café do mundo todo. Apesar de o Brasil ser o maior produtor e exportador mundial de café, com 38 milhões de sacas de 60 kg produzidas e 26 milhões de sacas exportadas na média dos anos de 2003 a 2007, sua produção de café sombreado e orgânico é reduzida. O cultivo sombreado predomina na maioria dos países enquanto o Brasil é caracterizado por áreas de monocultivo a pleno sol. Assim, grande parte da produção brasileira de café é originada de sistemas com pouca biodiversidade, contrapondo-se à crescente preocupação mundial com o meio ambiente e a qualidade de vida. Sistemas sombreados de café aumentam a biodiversidade nas propriedades e contribuem para a mitigação do aquecimento global, além de apresentarem vantagens técnicas potenciais como menor pressão de pragas e doenças e melhoria das condições hídricas e térmicas locais. A discussão sobre cultivo sombreado versus a pleno sol já se desenvolve há mais de um século, contudo, até hoje, o assunto permanece controverso. Portanto, a pesquisa nacional deve avaliar cientificamente diferentes sistemas de produção de café, obtendo informações qualitativas e quantitativas, visando sustentabilidade e ganho de competitividade do produto brasileiro. A hipótese do trabalho é que o sombreamento do cafeeiro com uma espécie caducifólia no período de dias curtos, secos e frios, não reduz a produtividade em relação ao cafeeiro a pleno sol nesta região do país, além de promover maior ciclagem de nutrientes no sistema e melhor qualidade de grãos. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar se o cultivo de café arábica, orgânico e convencional, sombreado com a espécie Platycyamus regnellii, leguminosa, nativa, caducifólia no período de dias curtos, no sul do Estado de Minas Gerais, resulta em vantagens técnicas. Os experimentos foram instalados no município de Machado, sul do Estado de Minas Gerais, em fazendas com distintos sistemas de produção, orgânico e convencional, em lavouras de café arábica variedade Catuaí Amarelo, espaçamento de 3,5 m x 1,5 m e idade de 17 anos. Parcelas dos tratamentos sombreado e a pleno sol foram implantadas em cada sistema, sendo o sombreamento proporcionado por indivíduos arbóreos adultos da espécie leguminosa Platycyamus regnellii, localmente chamada “Pau Pereira”. Avaliaram-se produtividade do cafeeiro, características químicas de solo, folhas e grãos, qualidade dos grãos de café produzidos (bebida, tipo e tamanho) e radiação solar incidente no solo. A ciclagem de nutrientes proporcionada pela queda de folhas da espécie arbórea também é ponto importante do trabalho. Resultados mostraram que além de produzirem quantidade de café similar aos tratamentos a pleno sol, os tratamentos sombreados apresentaram, em geral, teores mais elevados de nutrientes nos solos, folhas e grãos além de melhor qualidade dos grãos, concluindo-se que o sistema sombreado é tecnicamente mais sustentável. Devido ao crescimento de diferentes certificações na cafeicultura, foram também avaliadas as principais certificações de café no Brasil objetivando fornecer informações aos produtores e consumidores.
Produced in more than 60 countries and with an annual turnover of US$ 70 billions, coffee is the world second most traded commodity, only behind oil. It is also, after water, the most popular beverage, with an annual world consumption of 400 billion cups. International market for specialty coffees such as organic, shaded, gourmets and fair trade increases 12% a year, generating opportunities for coffee producers worldwide. In spite of Brazil being the largest world coffee producer and exporter, with 38 million bags of 60 kg produced and 26 million bags exported in the average of the years 2003 till 2007, its production of shaded coffee and organic coffee is still very low. Shaded coffee cultivation dominates in most of the producing countries while Brazilian production is characterized by full sun monoculture areas. Consequently most of Brazil coffee production originates from low biodiversity production systems, opposed to the rising world concern on environment and life quality. Shaded coffee systems increase biodiversity and contribute to mitigation of global warming besides presenting potential technical advantages such as lower pest pressure and improvement of the hydric and thermal local conditions. The discussion on shaded coffee versus full sun coffee has been going on for more than a century and still today the subject is controversial. Therefore the Brazilian science must study the distinct coffee systems in order to obtain qualitative and quantitative data aiming at sustainability and increase in the competitiveness of the national product. The hypothesis of this work is that coffee shading with a tree that loses its leaves in the period of short, dry and cold days, do not result in decrease of coffee productivity in comparison to full sun coffee for this region of Brazil besides promoting higher nutrient cycling and better coffee quality. The aim of this work is to verify if the cultivation of arabica coffee, organic and conventional, shaded with the Platycyamus regnellii specie, a leguminous, native tree that loses its leaves in the short days period, in the south of Minas Gerais state, will result in technical gain. Experiments were established at the municipality of Machado, south of Minas Gerais state, in farms from distinct systems, organic and conventional, in arabica coffee plantations, Catuaí Amarelo variety, spacing of 3,5 m x 1,5 m and 17 years of age. Plots from the shaded and full sun treatments were established for each system and the shading was provided by adult trees from the native leguminous specie Platycyamus regnellii, locally known as “Pau-Pereira”. Parameters of coffee productivity, soil, leaves and beans chemical characteristics, coffee quality (drink, type and size) and solar radiation were evaluated. Nutrient cycling from the fall of the shade tree leaves is also an important part of the work. Results show that besides producing the same amount of coffee than full sun treatments, the shaded treatments presented, in general, higher levels of nutrients on soils, leaves and coffee beans and better coffee quality, concluding that the shaded system is technically more sustainable. Due to the increase of distinct coffee certification, this work also studies the main coffee certification systems aiming to supply information to producers and consumers.
Produced in more than 60 countries and with an annual turnover of US$ 70 billions, coffee is the world second most traded commodity, only behind oil. It is also, after water, the most popular beverage, with an annual world consumption of 400 billion cups. International market for specialty coffees such as organic, shaded, gourmets and fair trade increases 12% a year, generating opportunities for coffee producers worldwide. In spite of Brazil being the largest world coffee producer and exporter, with 38 million bags of 60 kg produced and 26 million bags exported in the average of the years 2003 till 2007, its production of shaded coffee and organic coffee is still very low. Shaded coffee cultivation dominates in most of the producing countries while Brazilian production is characterized by full sun monoculture areas. Consequently most of Brazil coffee production originates from low biodiversity production systems, opposed to the rising world concern on environment and life quality. Shaded coffee systems increase biodiversity and contribute to mitigation of global warming besides presenting potential technical advantages such as lower pest pressure and improvement of the hydric and thermal local conditions. The discussion on shaded coffee versus full sun coffee has been going on for more than a century and still today the subject is controversial. Therefore the Brazilian science must study the distinct coffee systems in order to obtain qualitative and quantitative data aiming at sustainability and increase in the competitiveness of the national product. The hypothesis of this work is that coffee shading with a tree that loses its leaves in the period of short, dry and cold days, do not result in decrease of coffee productivity in comparison to full sun coffee for this region of Brazil besides promoting higher nutrient cycling and better coffee quality. The aim of this work is to verify if the cultivation of arabica coffee, organic and conventional, shaded with the Platycyamus regnellii specie, a leguminous, native tree that loses its leaves in the short days period, in the south of Minas Gerais state, will result in technical gain. Experiments were established at the municipality of Machado, south of Minas Gerais state, in farms from distinct systems, organic and conventional, in arabica coffee plantations, Catuaí Amarelo variety, spacing of 3,5 m x 1,5 m and 17 years of age. Plots from the shaded and full sun treatments were established for each system and the shading was provided by adult trees from the native leguminous specie Platycyamus regnellii, locally known as “Pau-Pereira”. Parameters of coffee productivity, soil, leaves and beans chemical characteristics, coffee quality (drink, type and size) and solar radiation were evaluated. Nutrient cycling from the fall of the shade tree leaves is also an important part of the work. Results show that besides producing the same amount of coffee than full sun treatments, the shaded treatments presented, in general, higher levels of nutrients on soils, leaves and coffee beans and better coffee quality, concluding that the shaded system is technically more sustainable. Due to the increase of distinct coffee certification, this work also studies the main coffee certification systems aiming to supply information to producers and consumers.
Descrição
Tese de Doutorado defendida na Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz da Universidade de São Paulo.
Palavras-chave
Agricultura orgânica, Certificação, Qualidade, Produtividade, Composição química, Fertilidade do solo, Sombreamento, Sustentabilidade
Citação
MOREIRA, C. F. Sustentabilidade de sistemas de produção de café sombreado orgânico e convencional. 2009. 145 f. (Doutorado em Ecologia Aplicada) - Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz da Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba. 2009.