Respostas morfofisiológicas e herança materna para tolerância à seca em progênies de café conilon
Data
2017-02-22
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Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo
Resumo
O café é atualmente uma das principais commodities no Brasil. Dentre muitos trabalhos realizados visando a melhoria desta cultura, a busca por materiais mais adaptados as variações climáticas, em especial à seca, tem se destacado. Este fato se deve, principalmente, às mudanças climáticas que estão ocorrendo em muitas regiões brasileiras. A análise morfológica e fisiológica nas plantas tem auxiliado na seleção de genótipos tolerantes à seca, para avaliação de superioridade em programas de melhoramento genético. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar características morfofisiológicas em progênies de café conilon submetidas à seca, avaliando a morfologia das plantas, fotossíntese e quantificação química dos tecidos foliares, para verificar a variabilidade das progênies, avaliar a possibilidade de herança materna extracromossômica para tolerância à seca e identificar genótipos mais tolerantes à seca. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental do Incaper de Marilândia – ES e utilizou-se duas populações de Coffea canephora, derivadas do cruzamento entre o clone 109, suscetível, e o clone 120, tolerante à seca (120x109 e 109x120). Para avaliação do experimento e conclusões dos resultados foi utilizado à estatística descritiva e análises de componentes principais (ACP). Observou- se, através das medidas de posição e dispersão que, houve muitas modificações entre as variáveis ao longo do período das análises (Julho/2015, dezembro/2015 e abril/2016), ampla variabilidade entre os indivíduos dentro de cada época de avaliação e que abril de 2016 foi o período mais crítico de seca, dentre os períodos avaliados, ocorrendo, na maioria das vezes, diminuições das médias dos parâmetros analisados e maiores variações nas progênies. Em julho e dezembro de 2015 a população 109x120 apresentou as maiores médias, porém em abril de 2016 a população 120x109 exibiu maiores médias. Estas alterações foram aliadas a herança materna extracromossômica, principalmente cloroplastídica, devido às diferenças nas médias dos cruzamentos recíprocos, para maioria das variáveis. Houve uma maior manifestação das características do clone 109, como mãe receptora de pólen, em julho e dezembro de 2015, nas progênies 109x120, período de maior hidratação das plantas. Em abril de 2016, período crítico de seca, houve maior manifestação do clone 120, na população 120x109, por isso apresentou melhores médias. Em virtude das variabilidades observadas entre os indivíduos, foram utilizadas as ACP para identificar os parâmetros que melhor representassem a variação entre os indivíduos. Foram avaliados dez parâmetros em julho, nove em dezembro e abril, em todos os indivíduos, demonstrando que aproximadamente 80% da variação observada pode ser explicada por cinco e seis componentes principais (CP) na população 120x109, e quatro e cinco componentes na 109x120. Cada CP representou uma proporção da variação e foi correlacionado em diferentes graus aos parâmetros medidos. Atentou-se para as informações do CP1 e CP2, em abril de 2016, verificando uma melhor condição de crescimento na população 120x109, devido à alta correlação positiva com RAF (razão da área foliar), AFU (área foliar unitária), AFE (área foliar específica), FT (fenol total), prolina e ETR (taxa de transferência de elétrons), que são importantes correlações entre as variáveis, para o desenvolvimento das plantas em condições de estresse hídrico. Devido as diferentes correlações das ACP com os parâmetros, foi realizado um agrupamento hierárquico UPGMA, baseado na distância euclidiana média, para discriminar as diferenciações entre os indivíduos. Para a população 120x109, foram identificados oito grupos em julho/2015, dez em dezembro/2015 e sete em abril/2016. Para a população 109x120, quatro grupos em julho/2015, três em dezembro/2015 e três em abril/2016. Baseado na média dos grupos para cada parâmetro constatou-se que em abril de 2016, período crítico de seca, alguns indivíduos conseguiram manter melhores características morfofisiológica, como as apresentadas nos grupos 3, 5 e 7, representados pelos indivíduos 1, 2, 12, 13, 17, 26, 28, 50 e 58 da população 120x109, demonstrando destaque fenológico para tolerar mais à seca, sendo as variáveis AFE, RAF, A, ETR, gs e A/gs, mais relevantes na discriminação dos genótipos. Os genótipos 1, 26, 56 e 58, exibiram maior dissimilaridade, porém o indivíduo 56 foi mais caracterizado como susceptível à seca. Foi demonstrado também que existem outros indivíduos que possuem características semelhantes com os selecionados para tolerância e, que, merecem ser melhor explorados, como os indivíduos 8, 9, 14, 22, 25, 29 para tolerância e os genótipos 20, 21, 23, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 para susceptibilidade à seca. Em síntese, grande parte dos mecanismos de resistência à seca, no café conilon, são governados por herança materna extracromossômica e foi possível identificar genótipos mais tolerantes à seca.
Coffee is currently one of the major commodities in Brazil. Among many works carried out aiming at the improvement of this culture, the search for materials more adapted to the climatic variations, especially the drought has been highlighted. This fact is mainly due to the climatic changes that are occurring in many Brazilian regions. The morphological and physiological analyzes of the plants have aided in the selection of drought tolerant genotypes for the evaluation of superiority in breeding programs. The present study aimed at evaluating the morphophysiological characteristics of conilon progenies submitted to drought, evaluating the plant morphology, photosynthesis and chemical quantification of foliar tissues, to verify the variability of the progenies, to evaluate the possibility of extrachromosomal maternal inheritance for drought tolerance and to identify more drought tolerant genotypes. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Marilândia-ES Incaper and two populations of Coffea canephora, derived from the cross between the susceptible clone 109 and the drought tolerant clone 120 (120x109 and 109x120) were used. For the evaluation of the experiment and conclusions of the results was used to descriptive statistics and principal component analyzes (PCA). It was observed through the measures of position and dispersion that there were many changes between the variables throughout the analysis period (July/2015, December/2015 and April/2016), wide variability among individuals within each evaluation period and that in April 2016 it was the most critical period of drought, among the evaluated periods, occurring, most of the time, decreases in the means of the analyzed parameters and greater variations in the progenies. In July and December 2015 the population 109x120 presented the highest averages, however in April 2016 the population 120x109, showed higher averages. These changes were allied to extrachromosomal maternal inheritance, mainly chloroplast, due to differences in the means of reciprocal crosses, for most variables. There was a greater manifestation of the characteristics of clone 109, as pollen recipient mother, in July and December of 2015, in the progenies 109x120, period of greater hydration of the plants. In April 2016, critical period of drought, there was a greater manifestation of clone 120, in the population 120x109, so it presented better means. Due to the variabilities observed among the individuals, the PCA were used to identify the parameters that best represented the variation among the individuals. Ten parameters were evaluated in July, nine in December and April in all individuals, demonstrating that approximately 80% of the observed variation can be explained by five and six principal components (PC) in the population 120x109, and four and five components in the 109x120. Each PC represented a proportion of the variation and was correlated in different degrees to the measured parameters. Attention was drawn to the information from PC1 and PC2, in April 2016, showing a better growth condition in the 120x109 population, due to the high positive correlation with RAF (leaf area ratio), AFU (unit leaf area), AFE (leaf area specific), FT (total phenol), proline and ETR (electron transport rate), which are important correlations between the variables, for the development of plants under conditions of water stress. Due to the different correlations of the PCA with the parameters, a hierarchical UPGMA grouping, based on average euclidean distance, was performed to discriminate the differentiations between the individuals. For the population 120x109, eight groups were identified in July/2015, ten in December/2015 and seven in April/2016. For the population 109x120, four groups in July/2015, three in December/2015 and three in April/2016. Based on average of the groups for each parameter, it was found that in April 2016, a critical period of drought, some individuals managed to maintain better morphophysiological characteristics, such as those presented in groups 3, 5 and 7, represented by individuals 1, 2, 12, 13, 17, 26, 28, 50 and 58 of the population 120x109, demonstrating phenological highlight to tolerate more drought, being the AFE, RAF, A, ETR, gs and A/gs variables more relevant for genotype discrimination. Genotypes 1, 26, 56 and 58 showed greater dissimilarity, but individual 56 was more characterized as susceptible to drought. It has also been shown that there are other individuals that have similar characteristics to those selected for tolerance and that deserve to be better explored, such as individuals 8, 9, 14, 22, 25, 29 for tolerance and genotypes 20, 21, 23, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 for drought susceptibility. In summary, most of the mechanisms of resistance to drought in conilon coffee are governed by extrachromosomal maternal inheritance and it was possible to identify more drought tolerant genotypes.
Coffee is currently one of the major commodities in Brazil. Among many works carried out aiming at the improvement of this culture, the search for materials more adapted to the climatic variations, especially the drought has been highlighted. This fact is mainly due to the climatic changes that are occurring in many Brazilian regions. The morphological and physiological analyzes of the plants have aided in the selection of drought tolerant genotypes for the evaluation of superiority in breeding programs. The present study aimed at evaluating the morphophysiological characteristics of conilon progenies submitted to drought, evaluating the plant morphology, photosynthesis and chemical quantification of foliar tissues, to verify the variability of the progenies, to evaluate the possibility of extrachromosomal maternal inheritance for drought tolerance and to identify more drought tolerant genotypes. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Marilândia-ES Incaper and two populations of Coffea canephora, derived from the cross between the susceptible clone 109 and the drought tolerant clone 120 (120x109 and 109x120) were used. For the evaluation of the experiment and conclusions of the results was used to descriptive statistics and principal component analyzes (PCA). It was observed through the measures of position and dispersion that there were many changes between the variables throughout the analysis period (July/2015, December/2015 and April/2016), wide variability among individuals within each evaluation period and that in April 2016 it was the most critical period of drought, among the evaluated periods, occurring, most of the time, decreases in the means of the analyzed parameters and greater variations in the progenies. In July and December 2015 the population 109x120 presented the highest averages, however in April 2016 the population 120x109, showed higher averages. These changes were allied to extrachromosomal maternal inheritance, mainly chloroplast, due to differences in the means of reciprocal crosses, for most variables. There was a greater manifestation of the characteristics of clone 109, as pollen recipient mother, in July and December of 2015, in the progenies 109x120, period of greater hydration of the plants. In April 2016, critical period of drought, there was a greater manifestation of clone 120, in the population 120x109, so it presented better means. Due to the variabilities observed among the individuals, the PCA were used to identify the parameters that best represented the variation among the individuals. Ten parameters were evaluated in July, nine in December and April in all individuals, demonstrating that approximately 80% of the observed variation can be explained by five and six principal components (PC) in the population 120x109, and four and five components in the 109x120. Each PC represented a proportion of the variation and was correlated in different degrees to the measured parameters. Attention was drawn to the information from PC1 and PC2, in April 2016, showing a better growth condition in the 120x109 population, due to the high positive correlation with RAF (leaf area ratio), AFU (unit leaf area), AFE (leaf area specific), FT (total phenol), proline and ETR (electron transport rate), which are important correlations between the variables, for the development of plants under conditions of water stress. Due to the different correlations of the PCA with the parameters, a hierarchical UPGMA grouping, based on average euclidean distance, was performed to discriminate the differentiations between the individuals. For the population 120x109, eight groups were identified in July/2015, ten in December/2015 and seven in April/2016. For the population 109x120, four groups in July/2015, three in December/2015 and three in April/2016. Based on average of the groups for each parameter, it was found that in April 2016, a critical period of drought, some individuals managed to maintain better morphophysiological characteristics, such as those presented in groups 3, 5 and 7, represented by individuals 1, 2, 12, 13, 17, 26, 28, 50 and 58 of the population 120x109, demonstrating phenological highlight to tolerate more drought, being the AFE, RAF, A, ETR, gs and A/gs variables more relevant for genotype discrimination. Genotypes 1, 26, 56 and 58 showed greater dissimilarity, but individual 56 was more characterized as susceptible to drought. It has also been shown that there are other individuals that have similar characteristics to those selected for tolerance and that deserve to be better explored, such as individuals 8, 9, 14, 22, 25, 29 for tolerance and genotypes 20, 21, 23, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 for drought susceptibility. In summary, most of the mechanisms of resistance to drought in conilon coffee are governed by extrachromosomal maternal inheritance and it was possible to identify more drought tolerant genotypes.
Descrição
Tese de Doutorado defendida na Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo.
Palavras-chave
Estresse hidrico, Herança extracromossômica, Fenologia vegetal, Análise química, Análise morfológica
Citação
SOBREIRA, F. B. S. Respostas morfofisiológicas e herança materna para tolerância à seca em progênies de café conilon. 2017. 95 f. Tese (Doutorado em Genética e Melhoramento) - Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre. 2017.