Desenvolvimento de sensor de fluxo de seiva e de coeficiente indicador de estresse hídrico para plantas de cafeeiro arábica
Data
2008-05-09
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Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro
Resumo
Nessa tese apresentar-se-á dois trabalhos, baseados em estimativas de fluxo de seiva na cultura do cafeeiro, com o objetivo de obter um modelo de sensor de fluxo de seiva xilemática de fácil construção e de simples instalação no campo, o qual poderá ser utilizado como uma ferramenta capaz de indicar o consumo de água pela planta, possibilitando, posteriormente, ser utilizado para automação de todo sistema de irrigação. O primeiro trabalho consistiu em desenvolver um modelo de sensor de fluxo de seiva, direcionado para o manejo de irrigação na cultura do cafeeiro, o qual foi subdividido em 5 etapas, sendo elas: desenvolvimento da teoria, construção do sensor, calibração do sensor, validação em laboratório e avaliação do sensor em campo. As 4 primeiras etapas foram realizadas no Laboratório de Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense e a 5ª etapa realizada em um plantio de cafeeiro arábica localizado no município de Viçosa, MG. O segundo trabalho consistiu em avaliar o sensor de fluxo de seiva como indicador de estresse hídrico, conduzido em plantas de cafeeiro arábica transplantadas em vasos de 100L e dispostas sob casa de vegetação, sendo instaladas sensores de fluxo de seiva em cada planta e utilizado um lisímetro como referência. Com o primeiro trabalho, obteve-se um sensor de fácil construção não necessitando de equipamentos e/ou laboratórios sofisticados, pois o mesmo é constituído de uma agulha, um termopar e um fio aquecedor. Os resultados obtidos na calibração indicaram que a resposta relativa do sensor mostrou-se independente da potência aplicada. O modelo matemático proposto tem a vantagem de ter apenas dois coeficientes para serem determinados, tornando o método fácil de calibrar. As equações para estimativa do fluxo de seiva xilemática, nas quais utilizou-se o tubo de PVC com pó-de-serra compactado e o tronco de cafeeiro, foram estatisticamente significativas. A variação do comportamento da densidade de fluxo de seiva xilemática acompanhou, de forma bastante similar, a variação ocorrida na evapotranspiração de referência. A correlação entre as estimativas de fluxo de seiva medida pelos sensores e a evapotranspiração de referência foi significativa para os sensores testados. O sensor proposto, assim como o modelo matemático, podem ser utilizados para a estimativa do fluxo de seiva em cafeeiro e, consequentemente, na estimativa do consumo de água pela planta. Com o segundo trabalho, concluiu-se que os resultados obtidos na relação entre o fluxo de seiva e o lisímetro indicaram que o fluxo de seiva pode ser usado como ferramenta para estimar a transpiração do cafeeiro. Antes do início do tratamento, quando as plantas estavam com a mesma condição hídrica, o coeficiente y/y* variou em torno de 1, indicando que as plantas não estavam sob estresse hídrico. Após o início do tratamento, o coeficiente y/y”* reduziu, variando em torno de 0,5, indicando o estresse hídrico das plantas. Observou-se, após o início do tratamento, que TO e T1 apresentaram o mesmo comportamento, mas os valores de y para T1 foram menores do que TO. Os resultados indicaram que o coeficiente y pode ser utilizado como indicativo de estresse hídrico.
In this study were presented two works based on estimates of sap flow in the culture of coffee plant with the aim to obtain a type of xylematic sap flow sensor of easy construction and simple installation in the field, which may be used as a tool able to indicate the consumption of water by the plant, enabling, subsequently, be used for automation of the whole irrigation system. The first work was to develop a model of sap flow sensor directed to the irrigation management in the coffee plant culture, which was divided into 5 stages, which are: theory development, sensor construction, sensor calibration, validation in laboratory and evaluation of the sensor on the field. The 4 first steps were taken in the Laboratório de Engenharia Agricola (LEAG) of the Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro and 5 stage in a plantation of coffee arabic located in Viçosa, MG. The second work was to evaluate the sap flow sensor as an indicator of water stress, conducted in arabic coffee plants transplanted into pots of 100L and arranged in greenhouse, installed sap flow sensor in each plant and used a lysimeter as a reference. The first work has achieved a sensor of easy construction, don't require equipment and/or sophisticated laboratories, because the same is consisted of a needle, a thermocouple and a wire heater. The results obtained on the calibration indicated that the relative response of the sensor was independent of the power applied. The proposed mathematical model has the advantage of having only two coefficients to be determined, making the method easy to calibrate. The equations to estimate the xylematic sap flow, using PVC pipe with wood sawdust compressed and trunk of coffee plant, were statistically significant. The change of the density behaviour of the xylematic sap flow followed, of a very similar way, the change occurred in evapotranspiration of reference. The correlation between estimates of sap flow measured by sensors and the evapotranspiration of reference was significant for the tested sensors. The proposed sensor, as well as the mathematical model, can be used to estimate the sap flow in coffee plant and, consequently, in the estimation of water consumption by the plant. In the second work it was concluded that the results obtained in the relationship between the sap flow and the lysimeter indicate that the sap flow can be used as a tool to estimate the perspiration of the coffee plant. Before the start of treatment, when the plants were with the same water condition, the y/y” coeificient ranged around 1, indicating that the plants were not under water stress. After starting the treatment, the y/y* coefficient reduced, ranging around 0.5, indicating water stress of the planis. It was observed, aíter starting treatment, that TO and T1 showed the same behaviour, but the values of y to T1 were smaller than TO. The results indicate that the y coefficient can be used as indicative of water stress.
In this study were presented two works based on estimates of sap flow in the culture of coffee plant with the aim to obtain a type of xylematic sap flow sensor of easy construction and simple installation in the field, which may be used as a tool able to indicate the consumption of water by the plant, enabling, subsequently, be used for automation of the whole irrigation system. The first work was to develop a model of sap flow sensor directed to the irrigation management in the coffee plant culture, which was divided into 5 stages, which are: theory development, sensor construction, sensor calibration, validation in laboratory and evaluation of the sensor on the field. The 4 first steps were taken in the Laboratório de Engenharia Agricola (LEAG) of the Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro and 5 stage in a plantation of coffee arabic located in Viçosa, MG. The second work was to evaluate the sap flow sensor as an indicator of water stress, conducted in arabic coffee plants transplanted into pots of 100L and arranged in greenhouse, installed sap flow sensor in each plant and used a lysimeter as a reference. The first work has achieved a sensor of easy construction, don't require equipment and/or sophisticated laboratories, because the same is consisted of a needle, a thermocouple and a wire heater. The results obtained on the calibration indicated that the relative response of the sensor was independent of the power applied. The proposed mathematical model has the advantage of having only two coefficients to be determined, making the method easy to calibrate. The equations to estimate the xylematic sap flow, using PVC pipe with wood sawdust compressed and trunk of coffee plant, were statistically significant. The change of the density behaviour of the xylematic sap flow followed, of a very similar way, the change occurred in evapotranspiration of reference. The correlation between estimates of sap flow measured by sensors and the evapotranspiration of reference was significant for the tested sensors. The proposed sensor, as well as the mathematical model, can be used to estimate the sap flow in coffee plant and, consequently, in the estimation of water consumption by the plant. In the second work it was concluded that the results obtained in the relationship between the sap flow and the lysimeter indicate that the sap flow can be used as a tool to estimate the perspiration of the coffee plant. Before the start of treatment, when the plants were with the same water condition, the y/y” coeificient ranged around 1, indicating that the plants were not under water stress. After starting the treatment, the y/y* coefficient reduced, ranging around 0.5, indicating water stress of the planis. It was observed, aíter starting treatment, that TO and T1 showed the same behaviour, but the values of y to T1 were smaller than TO. The results indicate that the y coefficient can be used as indicative of water stress.
Descrição
Tese de Doutorado defendida na Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro.
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Citação
SILVA, M. G. Desenvolvimento de sensor de fluxo de seiva e de coeficiente indicador de estresse hídrico para plantas de cafeeiro arábica. 2008. 114 f. Tese (Doutorado em Produção Vegetal) - Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes. 2008.